Paganism vs Christianity

Pagan vs. Christian The holy Catholic Religion had a drastic Christian like impact on the barbarian, Viking Pagans of the Anglo-Saxon Age in England (Elements of Literature 11). The Catholics evolved the aggressive Pagan Vikings into a peaceful society (Williams). Also, the Catholics substituted their warlike religion and after-life to a more holy and Christian like religion (Chaney 197-217). Along with the altering of the Pagan society and religion, the Catholics also transformed the Pagans dominant government style to a more civilized and unified one (Williams).The Pagans did not expect their society, religion, and government would be shifted to a Christian like style, but it did (Elements of Literature 11). The calm Catholics transformed the brutal Pagan Vikings into a more civilized society (Williams). After the transformation the Pagan’s tribal like communities was changed to towns with Castles (Williams). Also the Pagan’s tradition of oral literature being told by the scop was changed to written language in which the monks wrote (Williams).The unimportance of women in the Pagan society was changed when Virgin Mary the patriot saint helped raise the status of women (Williams). Along changing the type of society the Pagans were accustomed to into a more modern one like the Catholics there was also a change in religious beliefs (Elements of Literature 11 ). The Pagans believed in a warrior death and after-life while the Catholics believed in a holy peaceful religion, this was another alteration the Catholics made upon the Pagans (Chaney 197-217).The Pagans believed there was many gods and the best place to go after death was Valhalla while the Catholics believed in one God and Heaven was the best place after death (Chaney 197-217). The Catholics had an idol to live up to which was Jesus, the son of God, while the Pagans fought in battle to please Valkyries, whom was said to be the person who chose who died in battle (Chaney 197-217). The Pagans lived to die in battle, they believed dying in battle was heroic, the Catholics believed in living a sin free life and living a peaceful after-life (Chaney 197-217). Along with the changing of the Pagan’s arbarian society and warrior like religion the Catholics also evolved their tribal government into a more modern type (Elements of Literature 11). The Pagans believed in the strongest warrior being the King, or leader of the tribe, while the Catholics believed God chose who the heir to the throne would be (Williams). The Pagan king was known to be the bravest of all warriors but Catholics substituted the bravery for education and began to educate the Pagans (WIlliams). The Catholics also crated a Parliament in the Pagan tribe, which was something they lacked before ( WIlliams).Pagan warriors believed the strongest of all died to protect the king after the Catholics had an impact of their lifestyle it was believed there was a Diving Right of King (Williams). The Catholics un ified England with their transformation of the Pagan lifestyle (Elements of Literature 11). In the end the Pagans resulted in a peaceful society in which provided a common system of morality (Elements of Literature 11 ). The Catholics also provided the Pagans with a common faith of Christianity in which was more peaceful (Chaney 197-217).The most important gift the Catholics gave to the pagans was the transformation of a warrior leader to a militant but yet strategic leader to run a more civilized government (Elements of Literature 11). The calm Christians of the Catholic religion had a positive influence on the barbarous Pagans off the Anglo-Saxon Age in England ( Williams). Although there were many changes made to the Pagan lifestyle there were many more that needed to be made in order for them to be a more civilized nation of what present day England is like today (Elements of Literature 11).

Ashley Teschendor

Taking care of a newborn B: Making sure the job gets done IV: Three types of levels A: One, two and three B: Describing them V: Education A: Schooling B: Effort it takes Conclusion: Nursery nurses specialize in taking care of premature babies. They are a unique because; only the best of the best qualify for this job. August 9th, 1 963 was the day medical nurses played a different roll. On that day President John F. Kennedy became a father to Patrick Fourier Kennedy. Patrick was born five weeks and a half early, weighing four pounds and ten and half ounces.Patrick was rushed back to Boston, back then the neonatal intensive care unit was not around. Patrick died 39 hours later after birth. His death sparked interest in the study of prematurely of newborn babies (Alton). Over the past few decades, new inventions were created for the intensive care unit. The first invention of this time period was the incubator which, was created on May 14th, 1891 and later becoming more transmittable. T he incubator could now travel around the hospital without touching the baby or more harm for the baby (The History of Neonatal Intensive Care Units).Also the first techniques to get blood from a newborn baby was discovered at this time period. Although the techniques were becoming more advance the babies were still dying due to diseases and medicine that was not given to them. New technology like the ROI can help out in today's world. It's a program where it monitors a baby's moment outside a mother's room. Also helps with not mixing the newborn babies up in the intensive care unit. The technology around us has changed overall. Neonatal nurses only get better with time as well. Like all jobs, neonatal nursing also have requirements and duties to newborns.The duties are working with newborns which is a strong tolerance cause, babies do cry. Neonatal nurses have to do a series of test and register as a nurse. During your nursing program, nurses may want to enroll in classes like pedia trics and entomology. Some employers want you to have work experience with infants or in the intensive care unit, however, employer's requisites can vary, and you may withal need supplemental, formal inculcation or training. These nurses work with medicos as well as other nurses in a clinic or hospital to avail mothers learn about motherhood.Some Of the duties involved in neonatal care include giving the mother dedication, running various tests, and of course, recording vitals on her and other information on her body after birth (What Are the Requirements for a Neonatal Nurse). Training is also a big part in this career because; some clinics or jobs won't hire you unless you have a post-secondary education in neonatal nursing. The most common standard is the BBS which can also be called as the Bachelors of Science in nursing. There are also more educational requirements like knowing the human body and also biology.Pain management in premature and sick babies has long been recognized as a ITIL component of neonatal care. However, practices pertaining to pain assessment and administration of neonatal nursing remain variable in Neonatal Units. Diseases have been identified as an ineffective way to make a baby healthier. According to CUFF. Com â€Å"A neonatal nurse may take care of a baby with multiple problems including drug-addicted babies and premature babies†. They may also care for babies who are weak and fragile or need 24- hour nursing.Neonatal nurses have to monitor the babies closely and give special care immediately after birth. Neonatal nurses may also attend deliveries. Found on Physical. Com â€Å"Some nurses attend all deliveries and assist as well by hooking up laboring patients to monitors, starting Avis, assisting with getting patients ready for C-sections, and assisting with general patient care. Neonatal nurses have more than one job and to become a neonatal. A person must be able to do the same thing multiple times, there's never time for mistakes. ‘ As neonatal nurse you also have duties during you duration of working at a clinic or hospital.Duties often are changing feeding tubes, monitoring computers, checking the vitals Of newborn babies or performing incubation's. Neonatal nurses monitor vital signs such as respiration and temperature, and perform any specialized feeding such as tube feeding. Being a neonatal nurse is not always about the medical field either. Other duties are like rocking a baby, feeding them bottles for daily nutrition and possibly changing a few dirty diapers here and there (Merriments). Not all babies in the intensive care unit get to see their parents often.Sometimes neonatal nurses keep them company and take on a motherly role. Neonatal nurses can educate a mother and family members about a hazard condition and neonatal nurses interact with them in that way. A neonatal nurse should have excellent speaking skills, with the ability to provide compassion and empathy to parents. They can also draw blood from the neonate and use the sample for testing on a specific task. A neonatal nurse must also understand a newborn baby to prevent harm from risks that specifically affect a newborn baby's body such as temperature changes or obtain oxygen (Greenwood).Neonatal nurses work in one of three levels; depending if a nurse gets promoted or has higher education than a nurse can move up levels. Working in the intensive care unit can be stressful. There are three different types of bevels when working in the type Of medical field. The first level is level one. While working in level one a neonatal is a healthy newborn nursery. These nurseries are almost safe during these days because mothers and newborns have a very short hospital stay. The average length of hospital stay after a normal delivery is a minimum of forty-eight hours when the baby is healthy can care-free.Also, working in level one could be a starter because, you can ease yourself in the different levels of op portunity before going to the level two and three nurseries. When working in the level one nursery your duties re fulfilling the basic needs of a newborn like a changing diaper, feeding and educating mothers about the newborn baby. Working in the level two nurseries is different in many ways. They care of infants with of 32 weeks of age. The level two nursery in the intensive care unit is an intermediate care or a special care nursery where the baby may be born prematurely or may be suffering from an illness.These babies may need supplemental oxygen, intravenous therapy, specialized feedings, or more time to mature before discharge from the hospital (The Academy of Neonatal Nursing). The final bevel is the level three nurseries inside the intensive care unit. The level three neonatal intensive care unit admits all neonates or premature newborns during the first 28 days of life who cannot be treated in either of the other two nursery levels. These babies may be small for their age, p remature or sick term infants who require high technology care, such as ventilators, special equipment or incubators, or surgery.The level three units may be in a large general hospital or part of a children's hospital. Neonatal nurses provide a direct patient care to these infants (The Academy of Neonatal Nursing). Like most jobs in today's world you need education to do a topnotch job. TO become certified in the neonatal nurse staff, a college or university education to prepare a register nurse depending on whether students attend a bachelors or associate degree program takes about two to four years to complete. After graduating, students take the state licensing exam to become an RAN.There is no special program for neonatal nursing in basic RAN education. Some nursing programs have an elective course in neonatal nursing (The Academy of Neonatal Nursing). To become an RAN you have to cake a series of test like INC_EX which is a statewide test to work in a hospital with newborn bab ies. The test is based on broad subjects like biology, infection control and therapy. Hands on training are very valuable because that's what most jobs look at when you apply at a clinic or hospital. Supervision is usually carried on with a registered nurse who teaches you the basics working in a level one, two or three nursery.After schooling you must become certified with the state board admissions. To be credited, you need service hours, passing the state board admissions test and having at least our years of nursing school. Work ethics and speed are two characteristics in neonatal nurse practitioners because their response can depend on the life of a newborn baby. By finding the right job at a clinic or hospital the neonatal nurse must target these employers directly and highlight an internship experience in this specialty.Also, check for job opening with professional organizations, such as the American Nursing Association nurse practitioners are required to have exceptional com munication skills since they have to inform families about postpartum, intensive and neonatal care. Emotional invitations is another valuable characteristic in a job in which neonatal nurse practitioners may have to address negative effects on the occurrence of death of patients under their care to their mother (Neonatal A neonatal nurse salary depends on the higher the edification.As read on Puzzle that Neonatal nurses working for sizable voluminous hospitals will naturally, earn more than those working for more minuscule hospitals. Nurses employed in sizable voluminous cities will be earning much more than those employed in hospitals and health care centers in rural areas. For a neonatal nurse who is a Irishman with little to no experience will earn about $50,000 per year. With around four to five years of experience, you can facilely earn anything between $55,000 to $65,000 per year.Neonatal nurses with more than ten years of experience can earn between $65,000 to 575,000 per yea r and even more. (Salary. Com) Depending on the area that the neonatal nurse opts to live in is a wide-spread. Neonatal nurses have an arduous time because, sometimes in a rural area not much transpires but if that neonatal nurse peregrinates to a more immensely colossal city, there is always more room to invest and have a safe job there. Nurse Practitioner Job Description). Charities have also been created to help fund the intensive care unit. The first one was the March Of Dimes.March Of Dimes helps out with bring caution to everyone about newborn babies. According to March of Dimes in the United States, 1 in 9 babies are born prematurely. Worldwide, 15 million babies are born too soon each year. Taking part in March for Babies is more than just support. Consumers are changing the future for babies and making the world a better place and bringing more jobs like neonatal nursing to a whole new bevel. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, a 1 994 study reveal ed that infants cared for by neonatal nurse practitioners stayed in the hospital an average of 2. Fewer days and incurred $3,400 less in costs than those cared for by medical residents. The babies under the care of the neonatal nurse practitioners were generally younger with lower birth weights charities have funded neonatal studies today. Today the average decreased because, money IS being funded to create programs where neonatal nurses and gaining more knowledge and a better understanding of the newborns hat are born into this world every day. Clearing doubts and fears in the minds of new parents of a newborn is also a task which is performed by almost all neonatal nurses.

Battles Of The Civil War Essay Research

Battles Of The Civil War Essay, Research Paper John Brown one time said, Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should give up my life for the promotion of the terminals of justness, and mix my blood further with the blood of my kids and with the blood of 1000000s in this slave state whose leotardss are disregarded by wicked, barbarous, and unfair passages, # 8211 ; I submit ; so allow it be done! He believed that the lone manner to free bondage from the United States was through bloodshed. He was right in stating this because on April 12, 1861, the American Civil War began. It was the most destructive war of all time fought in the Western Hemisphere. In footings of human life it was besides one of the most dearly-won wars. There were many different grounds for the Civil War, bondage being the prevailing ground. The immediate ground for the Civil War was the battle between the North and South over Fort Sumter. Lincoln had given South Carolina the pick of either allowing the garrison to keep out or unfastened fire with its shore batteries. In answer, the Southerners commenced fire. The onslaught on Fort Sumter and its gaining control angered many Northerners and began a loyal battle to salvage the brotherhood. One of the first major conflicts of the Civil War was the Battle of Bull Run. Federal military personnels, amounting to 30,000 marched from Washington, D.C. , to assail the Confederate forces positioned near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. The Union forces were close to triumph until Confederate supports sent Union military personnels into a retreat back to Washington. This conflict boosted moral of the South and lowered the North s. The North s hope for a short war was shattered. The B attle of Antietam illustrates how bloody the Civil War really was. Lee led his ground forces across the Potomac into enemy district. He hoped that a major Confederate triumph in the North would convert Britain to back up the Confederacy. McClellan, commanding officer of the Union ground forces had intercepted Lee s program and the invading Confederates at Antietam Creek. This was the bloodiest twenty-four hours of all conflicts that went on during the Civil War. Entire casualties for both sides amounted up to over 26,000 work forces, either being killed, wounded, captured or losing. The Battle of Gettysburg was besides one of the bloodiest conflicts. On July 1,1863 Lee and the Confederate ground forces surprised the Federal soldiers at Gettysburg. Through the yearss of conflict much of the Confederate ground forces was destroyed because of Lee s finding to win the war. Much of the Confederates were left for dead and the few that remained alive retreated to Virginia. This conflict was one of the most important conflicts of the war and besides one of the bloodiest. The figure of casualties was the greatest for this conflict, adding up to over 50,000 work forces killed, wounded, losing or captured. A month before Lee surrendered his ground forces President Lincoln was assassinated. His blackwash shocked and horrified many. This was the concluding act of ferociousness during the clip period of the Civil war. John Brown was right in stating that the lone manner to free the United States of bondage is through bondage. The combat between the North and South over slavery provinces and slavery free-states had to stop. Through the loss of lives, the devastation of land and places, and the blackwash of the president the Americans rid themselves of bondage

Critically evaluate project plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Critically evaluate project plan - Essay Example The human resources and material required for these projects should be examined and managed in a way that is efficient and responsible. However, in going about the challenges that come up from handling the projects that are complex in the organizations that are temporary and multifaceted with a mix of individuals and experts, the sector of construction needs professional architects and engineers with social, technical and managerial expertise and competencies. With focus on the management in the built environment and sector of construction, this project is going to involve the management of infrastructure and space. This paper is going to lay down a plan for the new development for the David Construction in dwelling construction. ... A proper planning of project means identification, early and constantly, the exact tasks that should be accomplished; with considerations of the resources in terms of funds, available time, facilities and personnel. This has an implication that where more than an individual is required, there is assigning of specific responsibilities to the people by their names. The individuals have to dedicate themselves to completing the tasks within the stipulated time frame. In the project, no duplication of effort is allowed. There must be recognition of the interfaces between tasks and the duty or responsibility of dealing with the assigned differences. Nonetheless, beyond the duty of the performance of their individual specific works, all the engineers on the project team should take the credit for the success of the entire project (BARTOL and MARTIN, 2003). A good engineering work that is party to a failed project is wasted. It is clear from experience that: An excellent technical activity i s usually masked and even annulled by improper administrative control. An excellent technical activity cannot actually by itself be able to manage a project, and also a project cannot manage itself. Therefore, it is the duty of the engineers to purposely manage their projects. As the project work is ongoing, there must be changes in the schedules and plans. Most engineers wrongly have the belief that it is not possible for technical work to be controlled. This in itself actually becomes self-fulfilling prediction. It is a demand and expectation of management that technical gets effective administration and control. The control of project is ensuring that the technical goals of a project are accomplished within the set time and

Explore the effects of consumerism on shaping our 21st century Research Paper

Explore the effects of consumerism on shaping our 21st century identity. Who are we How have our human goals changed due to our - Research Paper Example Materialism in the technological sector is depicted by an increase in the sales of technological gadgets, such as mobile phones, personal computers, compact disk players and other electronic devices. Companies producing these gadgets are known to make millions of dollars in terms of profitability, and an example includes Apples, and Samsung electronic companies. These companies further accelerate the notion of materiality by improving the quality of their products, to carter for completion that emanates from the companies technological companies. There is an increase in companies producing these gadgets, because of a higher demand. This is only precipitated by the concept of materialism (Hoyer, 41). In the American consumer culture, there is a shift from the moral values of spirituality, communalism, and integrity while consuming the products of a company, or an organization. People now focus on competition and disconnection. On this note, our consumer behaviors depict us as material istic individuals. In relation to competition, an individual will look at what another person has, and strife to buy the same gadget, or a different gadget. People compete with each other, not because they need the product, but to show their competitors that they can afford the same gadget. This is also an aspect of materialism, and it does not support the moral values on consumption. In the 21st century, business organizations initiate policies that will make their products attractive to famous personalities, because they greatly influence the reception of their products at the market. For instance, business organization will pay millions of dollars to sports leading sports personalities, and famous musicians, for purposes of marketing their products. Players like Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods and David Beckham have made millions of dollars, just endorsing the products of various companies. As a result of their endorsements, the products of these companies, have managed to penetrate their target markets. On this note, consumers purchase these products, for purposes of having a feeling of instant gratification. This is called an aspect of emulation. People strive to emulate those of a higher status than them. The poor strive to live like the rich, and the rich strive to live and behave like the famous. The consumption behavior of man during the 21st century has shaped him into an individualistic person. Individualism is seen on the corporate sector, at the same time it is depicted on a person himself. For example, producing and consuming commodities result to the extraction, and use of the natural resources. Factories create products from natural resources, and during the process of production, they exert toxic wastes. Using the commodities produced, especially the technological commodities, they emit carbon, which is responsible for eroding the environment. These companies do not want to change their policies and they continue with their productions, with minim al or no measures to reduce the emissions of carbon (Kanner, 51). They do not care on the effects of their productions to the environment. On the side of consumers, they need to boycott the products of companies that do not put in place environmental policies that will ensure the protection of the environment. O

Neo-Confucianism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Neo-Confucianism - Research Paper Example Neo-Confucianism was developed as a response to Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Due to the mystical and superstitious influence of Daoism and Buddhism on a huge portion of Confucianism, neo-Confucianism set out to generate a more rationalist and secular version of Confucianism. Chu Hsi, who is believed to be the first pioneer of neo-Confucianism, wanted a belief system that played more on an ethical philosophy then spiritual development or religious enlightenment. Dunyi accomplished this by completely abandoning the mystical characteristics that Confucianism had originally adopted from Daoism and Buddhism, thus creating neo-Confucianism. However, despite rejecting Daoism and Buddhism beliefs, neo-Confucianism still borrowed terminology and concepts from the two spiritual paths. The greatest characteristic of neo-Confucianism was the total rejection Taoism and Buddhism, which contained beliefs that were prevalent in Confucianism. The main principle of neo-Confucianism, which can be categorized as rationalistic and humanistic, is that â€Å"it was up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual (Craig 552).† Furthermore, there were also two primary schools of thought: Cheng-Zhu and Yangmingism. Cheng-Zhu school taught that human nature is good, but is not considered to be pure unless action is taken to purify one’s life. Yangmingism taught that the best place for an individual to seek is within themselves, as opposed to an outside force or deity. The most noticeable impact of neo-Confucianism on Chinese civilization was that it was established as state ideology, bumping Buddhism out of place as the dominant

THE IMPACT OF THE TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ON EMPLOYEE Essay

THE IMPACT OF THE TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ON EMPLOYEE TURNOVER WITHIN A RETAIL ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example In this background the major research finding is included and that is the retail employees leave the job because of the lack of proper communication and interaction with their managers which lead to the dispute with him. This section discusses the major reason of the employee turnover in the retail industry, and that is the dissatisfaction of the employees because of innumerable things. Human Resource is the key factor for any industry or business to survive in the cut throat competition. It is not only the question of surviving but also growing and successfully accomplishing the objectives of the business. Especially in the crucial time of recession every small scale large scale industries, retail sectors and other small and large businesses are suffering from this economic meltdown. So it is mandatory to work hard for the growth. In such situation it is the human force that is whole and sole in the process of attaining the goals of the business. So the focus should be given on the employee satisfaction. One of the major causes of the employee satisfaction, which we are going to discuss here, is the effective leadership. Good and visionary leaders motivate the entire team to work hard and they can create a sense of belongingness and responsibility among the employees. The employees have a tendency to leave their job for many reasons and it is the responsibility of the leaders to find out the reasons behind this tendency and took the initiatives to overcome the employee turnover problem. The inability to preserve effective leadership leads to employee turnover, which effects an organization’s productivity and profitability. This study will examine the relationship between transformational leadership characteristics of retail sales managers and the anticipated turnover of retail sale employees. One of the most pressing challenges for retail employees is to assure a competent, qualified, and satisfactory

Article - Marketing Campaigns Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

- Marketing Campaigns - Article Example For instance, in my opinion the marketing strategy that is referred to as newbie love Freebies is unethical (Inc.com, 2010). This is because; the act of dating novices may not appeal to all individuals in the community. Thus, such a strategy will not be truly effective in marketing even if it worked for Sunday River Skiway. In addition, some of the words used in some of the marketing strategies can only be understood by persons who are experienced with the marketing field. However, for a leman, some words like killer instinct, Bienvenidos, and reading the market may not make any sense in relation to marketing (Inc.com, 2010). Moreover, they may also be literally interpreted and, thus leading to miscommunications. Some of the ideas presented in the article have also even been described as wacky and incompetent. Besides, some of them like my new favorite and got it may also trigger unethical behaviors in the society. However, some of the marketing strategies used in the article like know your audience and engaging the consumer may have a decent implication on the business and, thus they will be useful in giving it a competitive advantage over other businesses (Inc.com,

International Financial Reporting Standards Assignment - 1

International Financial Reporting Standards - Assignment Example More than 100 countries have formally accepted IFRS as the standards for preparing financial statements and to become compatible with each other. IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), a private sector international body. In fact, IASB itself is a new body, which emerged on the international scene in the year 2001, by replacing the International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC). With the increasing acceptance of these standards around the world, it appears all the more necessary for multinational enterprises (MNE) and countries with a global presence, that they should adopt the IFRS in order to make their functioning more acceptable in these areas. This will not only help the MNEs to save on their resources, but it will also help them in making use of similar modular and portable systems for accounting. There are many countries where the IFRS are not yet in use, but even in such countries, IFRS inspired standards are now being used. This helps in making the fullest use of the globalization and liberalization practices. Therefore it is in the interest of US companies that they should adopt the IFRS in all sincerity and make the best use of the available opportunities. In fact, adopting uniform standards will also help in tracking financial irregularities and thinking of appropriate solutions. Key benefits of going for IFRS include; i. Streamlining of reporting of the financial health of the company ii. Cost reduction - as companies will be able to make standard packages iii. Consistency in operations and financial details iv. Comparison with international competitors becomes easier. v. Better opportunities for accessing capital markets  

Program Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Program Evaluation - Research Paper Example eir programs strengths and weaknesses, provide recommendation for improvement and opportunities to excel in providing an excellent, safe and healthy environment for all. Their quality of doing business and quality of providing a safe and healthy environment for their workers and their customer alike would be evaluated in this report. Keywords: Procter & Gamble – P&G, Occupational Safety and Health Association – OSHA, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – NIOSH, Health, Safety & Environmental – HS&E, Fast moving consumer goods – FMCG, policies, employee safety, product safety. Procter & Gamble (P&G) is a globally recognized name of a multinational FMCG company. Fortune Magazine has given it a ranking of No. 6 amongst the â€Å"Global Most Admired Companies†, further it ranks No. 2 among â€Å"Top Companies for Leaders†. Bloomberg Businessweek has ranked P&G as No. 12 amongst the â€Å"World’s Most Innovative Companies†. When it comes to sustainability it is amongst the top ranks from 2000 to 2010 consecutively at the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes and in 2011 it ranked No. 13 as the â€Å"Most Sustainable Corporations in the World† (www.Pg.com, 2011). P&G takes pride in it diverse workforce which lay standards for its unique culture and has been a source of its recognition and success. P&G seeks to be the best consumer products and services company in the world. P&G’s current Safety and Health policy includes having safe and healthy operations around the world, protecting the life and health of its employees and surrounding communities, protecting its assets, ensuring business continuity and engenders public trust (P&G, 2009). P&G’s Environmental Quality Policy states that they strive to improve the environmental quality of their products, packaging and operations globally. As per their Environmental Quality Policy P&G has always strive to achieve clean, safe and incident free operations at all of its globally spread

Practicum Report Essay Example for Free

Practicum Report Essay A. Introduction I. Introduction of University of Technical education Ho Chi Minn City 1. Brief History The University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minn City (UTE) evolved from the Board of Technical Education, first founded on 5 October 1962, renamed Nguyen Truong To Center for Technical Education in Thu Duc on 21 September 1972, and upgraded to Thu Duc College of Education in 1974. On 27 October 1976, the SRV Prime Minister issued a decision to establish Thu Duc University of Technical Education on the basis of Thu Duc College of Education. This was amalgamated with Thu Duc Industrial School in 1984 and further merged with Technical Teacher Training School No 5 in 1991 to become the present University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minh City. At 1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, only 10 km north-east of the center of Ho Chi Minh City, UTE enjoys the combined advantages of a spacious, comfortable, and peaceful suburban study environment and excellent bus service, with easy access to the city center, the airport, and the surrounding areas. 2. Duties. Responsibilities. The University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minn City assumes the following functions: To train and upgrade technical teachers for technical universities and colleges, professional and vocational schools, and comprehensive middle schools To train technological engineers and technical manpower adaptable to the labor market To promote scientific research and production development in the field of professional education and technological science To expand cooperation relationships with international scientific organizations and technical teacher training institutions. 3. Missions Specialized in training technical teachers at university and post-university levels for the whole country, UTE ought to provide competent trainers directly responsible for training and upgrading qualified manpower for the process of modernization and industrialization of the country and building up a knowledge-based economy. Being the leading technical education training institution in the whole country and having access to new methodologies and innovative teaching aids, UTE ought to train and upgrade technical teachers, sound in theory, skilled in practice, and competent in pedagogy, and to provide skilled manpower, adaptable to production realities and able to meet the ever-increasing needs of society. As a center for research and experimentation in vocational education, UTE ought to be a reliable counseling agency for the government in planning relevant policies and to dependably support other training institutions in improving their teaching methods and equipment. 4. Quality Policy Constantly improve the quality of teaching and learning to offer students the best conditions to develop their creative potentials, broaden their knowledge, and perfect their skills to meet the needs of society. Quality Policy (based on the ISO 9001:2000 standards) 5. Training Programs. An experienced and dynamic state-run university, UTE offers quality technology-oriented training programs in a supportive and student-caring environment UTE, with its 13 Faculties, offers students a large choice of programs and specialties delivered at various levels of training and in different modes of study. The current enrollment amounts to over 25,000 students at 5 different levels Masters degree, Bachelors degree, Associate degree, Technician diploma, and Technical worker certificate -, studying in 2 different training systems Regular and In-service. With the approval of the MoET, UTE has been offering Masters programs since 1592. Based on its traditional fortes in science, engineering and technology, UTE is now offering 7 Masters programs: 1. Machine building technology 2. Mechanics of machinery 3. Operation and maintenance of automobiles and tractors 4. Electrical equipment, network and power stations 5. Technical education science 6. Electronic engineering 7 International vocational education. (In association with Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, FRG) Together with the development of the countrys economy on the way of industrialization and modernization, UTE has expanded its scope of training Together with the development of the countrys economy on the way of industrialization and modernization, UTE has expanded its scope of training to meet the demands of the new socio-economic reality and is now offering 34 Bachelors programs: 1. Electrical and electronic engineering 2. Electronic technology Telecommunications. 3. Computer technology 4. Industrial electricity 5. Electrical automation 6. Mechanical engineering 7. Industrial technology 8. Mechatronics 9. Automation technology 10. Automotive engineering 11. Thermotechnics Refriferation 12. Info mechanics 13. Machine design 14. Home and Industrial civil engineering 15. Home economics 16. Garment technology 17. Food technology 18. Fashion design 19. Printing technology 20. Information technology 22. Accounting 23. Industrial management 24. English for engineering 25. Technical education in Electrical and electronic engineering 26. Technical education in Industrial electricity 27. Technical education in Mechanical engineering 28. Technical education in Industrial technology 29. Technical education in Mechatronics 30. Technical education In Automotive engineering 31. Technical education in Thermotechnics Refrigeration 32. Technical education In Computer technology 33. Technical education in Home and industrial civil engineering 34. Technical education In Electronic technology Telecommunications Associate. programs: 1. Electrical and electronic engineering 2 Industrial electricity 3. Mechanical engineering 4. Automotive engineering 5. Garment technology For the dual purpose of developing human resources for the society and providing a teaching practice environment for our graduates, we arc also actively involved in delivering Technician diploma and Technical worker certificate programs. Technician diploma programs are offered in: 1. Industrial and household electricity 2 Electronic technology 3. Thermotechnics-Refrigeration 4. Garment technology 5. Automotive engineering 6. Operation and maintenance of mechanical equipment 7. Accounting Informatics Technical worker certificate programs are offered in: 1. Industrial and household electricity 2. Electronics 3. Metalworking (Turning, Milling Planning) 4. Automotive repair 5. Refrigeration 6. Industrial Mewing This multi-level, multi-mode and multi-disciplinary training structure allows us to take the initiative in all work from research to applications. It also facilitates the organization of transfer programs, helping students fulfill their lifelong learning dreams in the most economical and effective way. Students can choose either to study on the main campus or in the provinces to suit their conditions. Constantly improve the quality of teaching and learning with this guiding training principle, over the past half century of development, UTE has been training qualified manpower, sound in theory, skilled in practice, and  equipped with a good sense of morality, able to stand on various fronts in lecture halls, on construction sites, in factories, etc to serve the process of industrialization and modernization of the country. Many of our graduates over 400 Master degrees holders, 30,000 engineers, and 2,000 technicians and high-qualified workers -, brought up and trained at UTE, are now holding key positions in various training institutions, business and industry. 6. Facilities In addition to our main 17-ha campus at 1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, we have another 4. 5-ha campus at 484 Le Van Viet Street, District 9, HCMC. We are planning to establish a new 80-ha campus in Dalat, LamDong Province. UTE provides students with adequate facilities in a creativeness-inducing learning environment, giving each and every individual the opportunities for study and practice. The University library has spacious reading rooms with sufficient publications and periodicals for study and research needs 26,092 titles of books with 299,247 copies, 253 titles of newspapers and magazines, averaging 115 titles of books per one program of study. Library management and services have been computerized and modernized to meet the ever-increasing needs of the readers. Recently, the University has heavily invested in modern practice and experiment equipment. We now have 72 practice workshops (12,708m2) and 20 laboratories (lr908m2), enough for our present training needs. We have installed 1,363 computers; 944 of these are for teaching, learning and research; the remaining 419 ore for management and administration. Our computer systems are regularly upgraded. Our local network operates reliably at 512 Kbps; the ADSL lines enable high-speed networking and Internet access. We have 150 claasrooms with a total area of 9,698m2, each varying in size from 64m2 to 175m2 to suit specific training needs (averaging 6,66m2 per student). New buildings to be constructed include a Central Building with 30,000m2 of floor area, a High Technology Center with over 5,000m2 of floor area, and a Multi-purpose Classroom Building with over 4,000m2 of floor area. For 7 consecutive years 2002 2009, UTEs dormitory has been granted  the title City-level Cultural Unit. For sporting activities, we have a football field (12,600m2), 7 volleyball courts (756m2); a tennis court (240m2); and a sporting event hall (720m2). Staff UTFs faculty and staff currently total 698. Nearly 60% percent of the more than 538 faculty members have postgraduate qualifications. Over 100 lecturers are working towards a Ph. D. or a Masters in the country or abroad. Faculty members actively take part in scientific research and strive to apply innovative teaching methods to activate students. In addition to creating favorable conditions for individual self-improvement, UTE regularly organizes upgrading courses in foreign languages, computing and professional skills for all staff (averaging more than 10 courses per year). 7. Cooperation UTE maintains effective multiform cooperation relationships with domestic as well as international organizations. We have provided on-campus training to thousands of core technical teachers for technical and vocational schools in the provinces across the country. In addition to local training institutions, business and industry, we have also established bilateral ties with various international organizations, the governments of many countries, NGOs and international universities and colleges. Some of our cooperation projects have been highly appreciated-the Viettnam-Germany Center for training vocational teachers and qualified workers funded by the State of Baden- Warttemberg (FRO), the Masters Program delivered in association with Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg and supported by InWent (PRO), the Bachelors Program in Clothing Design Manufacture delivered in association with Heriot-Watt. University (UK), the Bachelors Program in Electrical and Electronic Engineering delivered in association with Sunderland University (UK), the joint-training programs with Siemens, MTZ (FRG), Omron (Japan), Rockwell Automation, Foxconn, General Electric (US), and others. Among our other partners are about 20 other foreign universities, institutes, and international organizations in many countries around the world, including Dresden University (FRG), Trier University (FRG), LENSET de Cachan  (France), Universite de Metz (France). Guangxi Normal University (China), Tianjin University of Technology and Education (China), Sydney University of Technology (Australia), Universite de Liege (Belgium), Universite de Sherbrooke (Canada), DSE DAAD GTZ (FRG), Yeungnam University (South Korea), Chungwoon University (South Korea), Sejong University (South Korea), Hanbat National University (South Korea), Quilin University (China), Kunming University (China), Yuan Ze University (Taiwan), Southern Taiwan University of Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, and others. II. Introduction of faculty of foreign languages The Faculty of Foreign Languages (FFL) is in charge of delivering a Bachelors program in Technical English and teaching General English and ESP to students of all the other faculties in the university. Faculty members total 23, including 1 Ph. D. , 1 Ph. D. candidate, 12 Masters, and 6 premaster students. The teaching staff consists partly of highly experienced lecturers with many years of leaching at UTE and other large national universities and partly of young teachers full of enthusiasm, energy and creativity. FFL encourages and creates favorable conditions for all staff members to upgrade their qualifications either in the country or abroad. Within the common trend of regional and internal integration, English has assumed an ever more important role in a multilingual and multicultural working environment. The Technical English program delivered by FFL aims to provide the labor market with white collar workers, knowledgeable about ESP, and able to work in industrial parks, export-processing zones, companies, factories and plants, as well as for foreign offloces, international and non-governmental organizations, where English is required. FFL actively engages in compiling and adapting ESP textbooks to suit the students requirements, as well as the Universitys and employers expectations. FFL has been seeking assistance from domestic counterparts as well as support in information and teaching materials from universities in English-speaking countries, gradually expanding cooperation relationships and railing the teaching and learning quality, FFL is getting ready to offer new programs in Japanese, Korean and Chinese to meet the ever-Increasing needs in these languages. III. The aim, the learning outcomes and the pro-requisites of TEFL teaching practicum course 1. The aim Applying the understanding aspects of foreign language learners, methods, and approaches in language teaching and learning, observation, execution of lesson in a specific context, to classroom management. Special emphasis is given to the planning and execution of technically-related lessons. It also provides students a further opportunity to reflect upon their work as professionals. 2. The learning outcomes. Upon successful completion of teaching practlcum, students should be able to: Gain insight into EFL students motlvatlon, frustration, and strategles in learning English as a foreign language. Recognize how theories of language learning and teaching underlie classroom practice, implicitly and explicitly, based on knowledge gained through 8-week observation and leashing practice. Begin to develop a personal view of what constitutes effective EFL teaching. Gain confidence in ability to devise and carry out EFL classroom learning activities by engaging in observation, teaching and tutoring in a diversely educational setting. 3. The pre-requisites Successful completion of Listening, Reading, Speaking and Writing 4, Phonetics and Phonology, Morphology and Syntax, Semantics, British Literature, British Civilization, TEFL Methodology, and Media in ELT. B. Content I. Teaching practicum planning Date (Feb 6th Mar 31st)Content Week 1 (Feb 6th -Feb 11th)1. Confirm the practicing place; receive specific plan, purpose and requirements, rules and regulations of teaching practicum course. 2. Divide teaching practice groups, meet instructors and members in groups, assign tasks for each person. Week 2 (Feb 13 -Feb 18)1. Receive teaching schedule. 2. Make plan for teaching practicum in 7 weeks 3. Get acquainted with students. 4. Observe instructors class on Tuesday, Feb. 14th , 2012 (Period 1-4, Room A2. 202) and Thursday Feb. 16th. 2012 (Period 1- 4, Room E1. 505) 5. Make the first lesson plan (Unit 7) Week 3 (Feb, 20 -Feb. 25)? Feb. 20th. 2012 1. Observe others classes of Thu Hue, Cam Lien, Yen Nhi, Ngoc (February morning 20lh 2012) 2. Observe Mr. Luans class (February afternoon 20th 2012) Period 1-4 ? Feb. 21st. 2012 3. Observe the first teaching of Ha Word Power (Air travel file + Word group) Period 1 Room A2. 202. 4. Observe the first teaching of Tuy? n Focus on Function (Making arrangements) Period 2 – Room A2. 202. 5. Give the first lesson plan for instructor and receive the feedback. 6. Correct the first lesson plan.  ¦ Feb. 23rd, 2012 7. Observe the second teaching of Ha Word Power (Air travel file + Word group) Period 1 Room E1 . 505. 8. Observe the second teaching of Tuyen Focus on Function (Making arrangements) Period 2 – Room E1. 505. 9. Receive the feedback from instructor and correct the first lesson plan again Week 4 (Feb. 27 -Mar. 03)Feb. 28th. 2012 1. Observe Huongs class, Changing lives on 27th February 2012, Period 1 2. Observe Vys class, Changing lives on 27th February 2012, Period 2 3. Observe Bao class, Changing lives on 27th February, Period 3 4. Observe To Lins class. Changing lives on 27th February 2010, Period 7 5. Observe To Liens class, Changing lives on 27th February 2010, Period 8  ¦ Feb. 28th. 2012 6. Observe the first teaching of Duy- Grammar point -Past and present perfect simple, period 1, Room A2. 202. 7. Observe the first teaching of Tr? ng- Word Power (Trends file + The language of graphs) -Period 2- A2. 202. 8. , Get the feedback from instructor and groups members to correct some mistakes in the second lesson plan for a better teaching period on March 1st, 2012. 9. Give the second lesson plan for instructor and receive the feedback.  ¦ March 1st. 2012 10. Observe the second teaching of Duy- Grammar point Past and present perfect simple, period 1, Room El. 505. 11. Observe the second teaching of Tr? ng Word Power (Trends file + The language of graphs) Period 2 -Room El . 505. 12. Get the feedback from instructor and groups members. 13. Prepare the third lesson plan (Unit 10) Week 5 (Mar. 5 -Mar. 10) ¦ March 5th. 2012 1. Observe Hieus class, unit Crossing cultures. Period 7 2. Observe To Linhs class, unit Crossing cultures, Period 8 3. Observe Cuongs class, unit Crossing cultures, Period 9  ¦ March 6th. 2012 4. Observe the first teaching of Kim Language Focus (Modal Verbs) Period 1 Room A2. 202. 5. Observe my instructors class, period 2-3, Room A2. 202.  ¦ March 8th. 2012 6. Observe the second teaching of Kim – Language Focus (Modal Verbs) Period 1 Room E1. 505. 7. Observe the third leaching of Trong Focus on Function (Invitation)- Period 2 Room E1. 505. 8. Research mora information to make lesson plan for third teaching. Week 6 (Mar. 12-Mar. 17) ¦ March 12th. 2011 1. Observe the third teaching of Duy- Word Power -Business headlines file -f Word family, period 2, Room A4. 103. 2. Observe the third teaching of Tuyen Language Focus, (Present perfect simple and continuous) -Period 1 Room A4. 103. 3. Observe the third teaching practice of Ha Focus on Functions (Offers and requests) Period 3 Room A4 103 4. Give the feedback for groups members to correct some mistakes in the last lesson plan for a better teaching period on March 15th . 2012 5. Give the third lesson plait for instructor and get feedback from her to correct it. ?March 13th 2012 6. Observe the fourth teaching of Duy-Word Power -Business headlines file Word family, period 2, Room A2. 202 7. Observe the fourth teaching practice of Tuyen Language Focus (Present perfect simple and continuous) Period 1- Room A2. 202. 8. Observe the fourth teaching practiceof Ha Focus on functions (Offers and requests) Period 3- Room A2. 202 9. Give the feedback lor groups members. Week 7 (Mar. 19 Mar. 24)? March 9th, 2012 1 Observe the third teaching practice of Kim Language Focus (Prepositions) Period 2 Room A4. 101. 2 Observe the fourth teaching practice of Tr? ng -Focus on Function (Invitation) Period 3 Room A4. 103. 3. Get the feedback from instructor and members in Week 8 (Mar. 26-Mar. 31)group, correct the third lesson plan and prepare for the fourth one.  ¦ March 20th. 2012 4. Observe the fourth teaching practice of Kim -Language Focus (Prepositions) Period 2 Room A2. 202. 5. Create a game and small party to say goodbye to students. II. Teaching schedule NO. DATEPLACECONTENTNOTE. 1Tuesday, February 28th, 2012Room A2. 202Unit 7: Changing Lives Part: Focus on function Opinions and suggestions; agreeing and disagreeingGeneral English 3, 51 students, pre-intermediate level. 2Thursday, February 1st, 2012Room E1 . 505Unit 7: Changing Lives Part: Focus on function Opinions and suggestions; agreeing and disagreeingGeneral English 3, 31 students, pre-intermediate level. 3Monday, March 20th, 2012Room A4. 103Unit 10: Will our planet survive? Part: Language focus Future with will; the first conditional; if and whenGeneral English 3, 51 students, pre-intermediate level. 4Tuesday, March 13th. 2012Room A2. 202Unit 10: Will our planet survive? Part: Language focus Future with will; the first conditional; if and whenGeneral English 3, 45 students, pre-intermediate level. III. Teaching materials 1. Lesson plan 2. Textbook 3. Student teaching evaluation form 4. Student teaching observation form C. Conclusion I. Reflection paper Through 8-week observation and teaching practice, I recognised that the teaching practicum give me useful first-hand experience and practical knowledge of teaching and learning English as a Foreign Language. Actually, this course helped me to apply the theory, methods and approaching, ets in real class. Moreover, it is important to know my own strengths and weaknesses. It also provided me a further opportunity to reflect upon my works as professionals. All these things are valuable experience for me to strive for the career in the future. First of all, I made a clear and specific plan for the course. So, I spent 47 periods in observation. Thanks to this, I had a chance to get familier with my students, such as ability, level, gender, interest, number of students, asmostphere and facilities in class. When I observered I noted down who are active and passive, equipments need to bo used. Then, I considered lesson plans with which activities I could apply in the class, which methods are suitable, what strategies were used to support my teaching and students learning. Secondly, I apprehened a lot of things from the intructors and other student teachers, I understood that there are three significant things which teachers should focus when teaching: interaction between teacher and student, professional responsibilties and knowledge and time mangement I found that although the knowledge is good, teaching method is not good. Ultimately, the job is not successful. Thirdly, when I observed I learnt a lot of useful things from the failure and success of my friends. The common mistake is the instructions were ineffective, which made students confused. However, I learnt a nice way from my peer to give intructions such as giving short sentences, using familiar words as well as emphasizing the important words. After the teacher gives intructions for an activity, he or she could make sure sudents have been about what to do in the activities by asking them some questions. Until he or she has check students understanding about it or her instructions, starts the activity. Furthermore, many student teachers did not give any samples or examples when they asked students to make conversation about some topics, so it was hard for students to know how they should do. In time management, most of apprentices lacked of it. Specifically, we could not divide reasonable time. Obviously, teacher talked more than students talked. Thus, my instructor suggested, let students practice more. I really appreciated her advice, it helped me improve a lot after that. The worse thing was we often went into overtime. It was the reason made us lose our self-control. Besides, few student teachers were not confident about their own ability and knowledge. I realized that it could have equally disastrous consequences. Hence, I reminded me look for more information or documents relating to the lesson. The speciality is know thoroughly the grammar points which we teach because if we are not clear what we say, how can we make others understand deeply? The benifits of utilizing multimedia in teaching are countless. Student teachers carefully considered to take full advantage of them. And so did I. Yet, we completely seemed to be bad at blackboard presentation. According to a lecturer, she suggested that the blackboard should be divided into two or three parts at the start of the lesson. For example: Additional example or explanationLesson Unit: Title (different color) (page no. ) I. Language focus grammar structure -use/ meaningAdditional example OrOr Students exercise or feed backexplantion This is a layout with 3 parts. If the board is small, we can divide as follow. Lesson Unit: Title (different color) (page no. ) I. Language focus grammar structure -use/meaning -etcAdditional example or explanation. Even something seems trifling like the way erase the board, gesture, manners and behaviour, etc. I was also instructed by my consultant. Thanks to her consideration, I made my own pedagogic style. Consequently, my instructor praise me tor this. Over two months, I look back what I got and what I did not. I evaluated my strength and weakness. My strong point is confidence. Thus, I could manage class well, designed task effective, engage all students in learning. The weak point was my pronunciation. Though I tried to correct it later classes, I still pronounced wrong. So, I made a plan for practice pronounce more to be better. Additionally, I learnt how to solve the problems that can occur in the classes, predict them problems and anticipate the solutions. That was very important for an effective teaching class. In short, base on knowledge gained through 2-month observation and teaching practice, the help of instructors and peers, I gained confidence in ability to devise and cary out EFL classroom learning activities. I applied the theory in school in real environment. In fact, the invaluable lessons and experience underlie for career in the future, I had a straight judge myself.

William Blake- subject, language and form Essay Example for Free

William Blake- subject, language and form Essay Blakes poems put forward a powerful social message which reflects the time in which he was writing. With reference to at least five of his poems, show how Blake achieves this through his use of subject, language and form In this essay I will be analysing five of Blakes poems which are A Poison Tree, The Chimney-Sweeper (experience), The Chimney-Sweeper (innocence) London and The Human Abstract. Each of Blakes poems has a powerful social message, and my aim is to analyse the message he is trying to portray through these poems. The subject, language and form his poems uphold are some of the main devices that help put forward his opinion at his present time, the 18th century. The powerful social message Blake was trying to convey to his readers was human suffering during his era, he showed this through his poems which marks his sympathy. At this day and age modern readers understand Blake as a writer and see the message he is trying to put forth through his poems. Although in his time, Blake was considered very strange. Born in 1757 into a Christian but non conformist London family, most of his life he spent in London. In 1783 he published his first volume of poems. Many changes were taking place in Blakes society, between 1750 and 1850, late 18th century the industrial revolution was changing the society through huge revolutions in technology in England. England changed from a rural population made from agriculture to a manufacturing society consisting of factories. Oppression of women and children was apparent so they worked for lower wages. Employment laws did not exist yet, some may have had to work up to 14 hour days with low wages. Now a days, these things are seen as wrong, throughout the 18th-19th century employing children and women with low wages and others with ridiculously long hours was seen as normal and no action was taken against it by either the establishment, monarchy or church, this caused Blake to be against all establishments which did not try and help the problems 18th century England was facing. Blake, being the rare few of many in England, became aware of these faults. His views were similar to our contemporary day. Many writers were moved by the industrial revolution. They felt it was important to shine light on the poor conditions of the working class and use of child labour. This change changed the attitudes of those living in England, many rich well off people became ignorant towards the conditions many poor, lower class, people were facing. The attitude of many high class people was apparent as growth and human spirit was not possible under conditions of social oppression. Also the establishment did nothing about the poor working conditions. In the 18th century poetry was used to spread news about life in general. Blake made a lot of reference to the bible in most of the poems he wrote. In his poems his ideas are powerful and convincing. Blake did not agree with political radicalism, he was strongly anti-establishment (government monarchy). He believed everyone should be as a liberating force. The need of individual imagination was important to Blake and the feeling above reason. He had love of nature and the natural, referring to the world before the industrial revolution, especially in reflecting the spirituality of things. He was against the church as it was an establishment and did nothing about the poor conditions many endured but he was for the religion of Christianity as it is strongly portrayed through his poems with the constant reference to biblical terms. The bible was most easily accessible to Blake as he was self taught. Chimney sweeping was not seen as wrong as child labour was not morally wrong. Blake wanted to show his feelings towards this wrong way of labour. In the 18th century the church did nothing about this cruel situation where children were being treated like slaves. The church let this cruelty act go on, the words of the church were being voiced through the chimney sweeping children. The poem called The Chimney-Sweeper innocence is about a young boy being sold, by his father, into the recruiting of young children to clean chimneys. A boy, the narrator, in this poem is so innocent he doesnt know any better and does not see it as wrong. The father is selling the boy for money, as it mustve been scarce for most dealing with the new ways of the revolution. In this poem Blake is trying to emphasise child labour and uses it from a childs perspective to evoke emotion out of the reader as the reader would more likely feel sorry for a child. His innocence is apparent in the first stanza as in the first verse it is written that the boy is not articulate while yet my tongue could scarcely cry. The boy is unable to pronounce sweep and instead pronounces weep yet again showing his innocence and intensifies his youth. The reader is directly address when it says so your chimney I sweep This triggers guilt in the reader, knowing such a young boy, unable to even pronounce sweep, is cleaning your chimney. At the end of stanza one alliteration is present sweep and in soot o sleep the pronunciation of s shows his progress. In stanza 2 the narrator refers to his friend Theres little Tom Dacre, who cried This gives off the persona of a child as children talk about a friend to put across their feelings on that person. That curled like a lambs back a lamb is a symbol of sacrifice in a biblical sense. Tom is sacrificing himself to cleaning the chimneys this is represented by him having his head shaved. A very vivid image is mentioned in stanza three it talks about Tom having a night mare about his many friends locked up in coffins of black the picture being painted in your mind is relating to the black, also meaning fear and dark, chimneys the boys have to climb and clean. It is suggesting that the sweeping of the chimneys will be the death of them. The term locked up could also suggest that they will be cleaning chimneys forever. Coffin is also a sense of claustrophobia, being locked up inside a coffin or chimney would be considered suffocating. Stanza 4 makes reference to the bible where by an angel is mentioned which is usually sent from god. This stanza is specifically child like as it has a nursery rhyme quality describing the horror of the nightmare in a child like tone. The angel sets the boys free into a field of laughter and play, things they should be doing, it shows just how horrible life was for the boys by contrasting it with what they should have been doing at their age. Then naked and white referring to the boys, in stanza 5, which means innocence as nakedness is a state of innocence in terms of Christianity. In the dream all their bags left behind bags represent what the boys would take to work but as it was left behind it symbolizes work being abandoned. Again god and angels are mentioned showing reference to the bible, one of the books which was most resourceful to Blake. In the last stanza of the poem it shows the long hours the young chimney sweepers do as it says we rose in the dark early hours of the morning. The very last line is very effective because it shows that the boys have been taught to think that working will bring them no harm this is ironic because the work of a chimney sweeper is harmful to them. The overall message Blake is trying to get across to his reader is the immoral manner in which these children are being treated. The second poem, The Chimney-Sweeper (experience) has many similarities between the first poem. It is not narrated by the young chimney sweeper but an on-looker which shows difference between the two poems. It also is a powerful poem trying to convey the wrong nature of child chimney sweepers. The first line of the poem is a contrast where Blake puts A little black thing with the purity and white of the snow. Similar to the first poem where soot and the white of the boys hair is also mentioned, both make use of anthisesis. This creates powerful colour imagery in the readers mind because it is such a contrasting image. The use of the word thing makes the child seem non human unable to distinguish whether it is a boy or a girl. Black is a reference usually made with corrupt and dirty. Black would imply the clothes that the boy is wearing and the black soot from the chimney that has stained his clothes, it also could mean his personality is corrupt and innocence stripped. A link is again made to the first poem where the child can not pronounce the word sweep so instead says weep giving off distress and sadness of the young child. The child is described as little to induce sympathy from the reader as it shows the childs youth. The part of the narrator is made in line 3 where he is shown as a considerate adult by asking where the childs father is. In line 4 it mentions the parents have gone to church to pray, irony is conveyed here because while the parents have gone to pray the child is suffering, showing distance. Regular church goers didnt see chimney sweeping as wrong as did many during this era, so many put their kids into this job. Stanza two line one has a great shock over the reader as the line Because I was happy confuses the reader because it says he was happy that his parents sent him to an early death. Blake throws this sentence at the reader to show how totally wrong it is to violate the purity of a child. Clothes of death the phrase represents the clothes the child has to wear when they become a chimney sweeper which quickly becomes dirty because of the soot it also suggest the fate of the boy that being death. And smiled among the winters snow the snow that surrounds the boy could represent his innocence but once it was taken away from him he became A little black thing amongst the pure snow. The last line shows how the boys have to conform taught me to sing the notes of woe it echoes poem one as the narrator also had to conform and say the notes of woe It shows the corrupt nature of society the society at this age. In the last stanza rhyme and rhythm is apparent but echoes that of a nursery rhyme again relating to the innocent poem. Rhyming is used sing and king as well as a para-rhyme with the two words injury and misery the para-rhyme stunts the poem and throws it off a constant rhythm, the effect could convey the boy as troubled and unhappy because of his hardship. Reference to religion and the church priest are made, similar to the first poem, monarchy is also mentioned by the word king the relevance these references have reflects Blakes writing as Blake did not like the way the church and monarchy largely ignored the problem, it concerned him. The three things Blake felt had failed him, was disappointed in and strongly against is shown through the last line where it says who make up a heaven of our misery. The blind uncaring nature of the monarchy and church is shown by the line they think they have done me no injury The message conveyed in this poem is apparent at the end of the poem where monarchy and the church are attacked and blamed for the cruelty act of chimney sweeping children. How both have power over many yet do nothing to stop it, Blake effectively shows it by putting it in the perspective of a youth as it evokes more sympathy. The structure of the poem is similar to the first poem all stanzas are written in lines of four and a similar message is conveyed where nothing is being done about the chimney sweeping children and the problem is accepted and ignored. The poem London gives background to the misery of the poor and the gulf between those in power. The title London is a metaphor since it is not solely on the people of London but about society and mankind in general. The man is dazed, wandering the streets and is hearing the cries of the ones suffering chimney sweeps, sighs of the hapless soldier and feels the society should do something about them, the man represents William Blakes views. Mans lack of freedom is apparent in this poem and is the point trying to be made. Blake believed in an equal society and the only way the human spirit could exist and grow happily, he did not believe in human oppression. Control is constantly mentioned throughout the poem. For example in the first stanza chartered is mentioned which means governed by law. It clearly says in the second line that the Thames is chartered which is impossible because you cant control a river. It shows Londons extreme extent of control at that time. Even the mention of chartered streets suggests an uptight lack of freedom setting for Blakes contemporary people. The most powerful metaphor used in this poem is mind-forged manacles found in stanza two the last line. Manacles associated with restriction unable to have absolute freedom, also a common object associated with prison, imprisonment and portraying deep human truth. Mind-forged means the manacles have been created by peoples mind set trapping everyone in restrictions that must be followed. The image created via this metaphor would be a distinct one for Blakes contemporary day because convicts would be seen on the streets making their way to prison or commonly in London, during that era, off to ships for transportation to Australia. The metaphor strongly demonstrates Blakes belief, that the lack of freedom came from the ideas and outlooks placed on them by external authority, mentally people were controlled. The repetition of the word every is a word commonly used in stanza 2 it is to emphasize that everyone is effected by this state of depression and lack of freedom. It is also written in stanza one although relating to the amount of people that have the mark of weakness and woe. Mark is another word repeated found in the first stanza it is to signify the look of distress that is etched on their faces also to mark the lines that have been created because of their worries and weakness. A reference is made that links to The Chimney-Sweeper innocence and experience; this portrays Blakes obvious strong disagreement with the treatment of child chimney sweepers as he mentions them a lot. The next line in stanza 3 says Every blackning church appalls churches at that time were black because of the pollution present and soot coming from the chimneys. On a deeper meaning it could be said that the churches ignorant behavior towards the chimney sweepers problem has blackened them with shame. The irony is that the church is meant to be helpful place where many seek for help but the church chose to ignore and over look the problem. This is what Blake noticed unlike the people living in his society. The second strong image that is painted to the reader is the hapless soldiers sigh They show weakness and woe because they had fought in the French revolution and Runs in blood down palace walls Blake is trying to show that by oppressing freedom of speech, in England, at that time by the government the unhappiness of the English soldier could, its causes were ignored, lead to similar bloodshed here. Images of darkness are made similar to Blakes poems of the Chimney Sweeper (Experience) and (Innocence) through midnight streets The last image that Blake highlights has a shock factor because it talks about child prostitution. This can be seen as a type of child labour similar to Blakes view of the child chimney-sweepers, however instead they are child prostitutes. Also both youths lose their innocence through what society decides to ignore. Youthful harlots emphasises their youth and harlots gives a biblical tone. Blasts the new-born infants tear shows the birth of the child is not a happy event but a curse for the prostitute as it wasnt born out of love but through commerce. The new-born will only mean having to support the child with money, which these young children didnt have, it just continued the cycle of misery. The marriage hearse an oxymoron, what Blake is trying to convey is that the wedding carriage is basically a hearse leading to a kind of death. Men usually didnt marry out of love so would be unfaithful to their wives, they would usually contract a disease from the young harlot, said as the plague in the poem, and then pass it on to their wives and any babies that the married couple may want to have. This contradicts the idea of marriage which is a time that is meant to symbolise joy the contradiction is apparent through the word hearse Blake makes many of his messages clear in this poem, such as the abuse of child prostitutes by cruel adults and the abuse of chimney sweepers. He does this by stating their sad emotion, chimney sweepers cry the hapless soldiers sigh and youthful harlots curse these descriptions have a strong effect on the reader as they simply explain the hardship different people are going through. Blake makes sure he bases it on a wide range of people to convey to his reader that it is affecting everyone not just a small group of society. The Title of the poem The Human Abstract is a poem about the human spirit; abstract suggests non definite intangible quality found in the human brain. He uses a tree to represent the human brain and how it is easily controlled. Blake uses nature to convey his ideas this is shown in the poem A poison tree as well as this poem. His respect for nature is apparent and makes him a romantic writer. The poem has constant rhythm; the rhythm change helps present subject and tone. This poem is hard to understand and the least easy to depict the social message compared to the evil of anger, which Blake explains in A Poison Tree. The structure of Blakes poem consists of 6 stanzas and simple lines to convey his complicated messages. The rhyme scheme is ABAB although odd Para-rhymes are present for example fly and mystery. Many components of this poem echo the bible such as imagery and words. The first stanza has an arrogant tone one which is strange to Blakes writing. The reason for this verse is to show the attitude of several people in the society Blake was living in. A different tone to the rest of the poem is given where the phrases are stated as facts. Blake through the first stanza states that pity, an act of compassion, would not be possible if someone was not poor. Although Blake chose the word make as if society forces people into poverty so they can receive pity. The same is done with the word Mercy if mercy was not present if everyone was happy. Blake could be describing the way life was and trying to put across his message in an ironic way by placing it in the uncaring tone. The stanza is relevant to contemporary times but would shock many in Blakes time because British society was built on the principles of clear inequality, Blake certainly didnt approve of this inequality. An immediate tone change is made after the first stanza where the rest of the poem argues with stanza 1. Through out this poem Blake uses a lot of antithesis, also done in The Chimney-Sweeper, for example selfish love through these controversy phrases and words Blake might be trying to show everyone has an ulterior motive to anything which is usual an act of good nature. He puts mutual fear and peace in the same line trying to convey that there is only peace because would-be enemies are living in fear of each other. Blake makes good use of personification, Cruelty knits a snare, and the use of the word cruelty adds an uneasy quality. Cruelty in this poem is suggesting that all of us have some of this quality in each of us. The suggestion is that Cruelty makes a knitted snare and spreads his bait with care. The image is a strong one because the word choice is odd, knit and care is often associated with care and to place it with cruelty and bait makes it sinister. It then moves onto cruelty sitting with holy fears and watering the ground, to grow the plant, with tears Again images created are vivid and help explain his ideas, things seen as good acts and kindness have been transformed and linked with pitiless words to make it menacing. The tree that is growing is being made up of unappealing qualities Humility takes its roots. To show the tree is not something of beauty and nature soon spreads the dismal shade The colour image created is darkness and creates mystery, often used in Blakes poetry, darkness and mystery foretells the unknown which scares many because it links with fear. Nature is apparent by the mention of a caterpillar and fly which feed on the mystery, they could represent the idea of corruption and sickness. Biblical reference is often pinpointed by Blake, fruit of deceit this reminds us of the Garden of Eden and the fall from grace. This once more makes the reader see the tree as sinister with the inviting fruit that is actually deceitful. Mentioning of the raven conveys bad things as it is seen as a symbol of death. The raven is creating a nest with the thickest shade suggests mystery and shadows of the Human Abstract described. The word Thickest shows its the worst of death and that it is inevita ble. The last line of the poem obviously states the concept of the whole poem that the mysterious tree that has been growing made up of cruelty; humility etc is simply found in the human mind. Blake conveys that its existence is metaphorical rather than literal but the use of a tree shows the stages of growth and how the things surrounding it affect the way it is. The last line is very simple, conflicting with the rest of the poem, and accepting of this idea it shows the accepting nature of the society that Blake was surrounded by. The abstract way in which Blake described the human mind is far from clear given life isnt clear so the poem represents a humans life. The next poem is A Poison Tree a simple poem able to hold and reveal complicated messages. A Poison tree shares the nature aspect with The Human abstract the idea of a tree growing. Although The human abstract tree represents good and evil being part of every ones spirit and mind. In A Poison Tree the growing tree symbolises the growing of hate when anger is not expressed. The title is a central metaphor; its ironic because trees arent perceived as poisonous. The poem A Poison Tree is about anger and if kept inside could grow and become poisonous to one and others. Reference to the bible, like in The Human Abstract, is constantly made and the reader has to have some amount of knowledge on the bible, many in Blakes time understood his references as the bible was the most common book. All through out this poem the rhyming scheme is AABB. Similar to The Human abstract William Blakes mention of nature is common, linking him to the Romantic Movement. Blake conveys, simply, in the first stanza that when angry with your friend you express to them your anger and it will end. He put it simply by using the two words friend and end. Although it is a different situation when angry with your foe, by not expressing his feelings to his foe the anger grew insinuated through the words foe and grow It has a nursery rhyme like quality with simple choice of language and regular rhythmic words. Child-like ton is present I was angry He indicate that his anger and hatred has taken the form of a tree by the term watered By watering the plant with his tears and fears (metaphorically) it will encourage his hatred. The smiles and deceitful wiles represents the sunshine, simple natural metaphor. It could also represent the false attitude towards the foe. The tree then bears an apple, indication of the bible, the story of Adam and Eve where the couple is forbidden to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge the fruit being an apple. The apple, since it is forbidden is tempting. In this poem the apple is suspicious when it is described as shiny; shiny also makes the apple seem tempting. The foe steels the apple because he knew that it was mine. Darkness is again mentioned in Blakes poem when night had veiled, it is also mentioned in London to represent sinister acts. The narrator is cunning because he uses the apple to capture the enemy knowing that he would eat it because it belonged to him. A sense of immediacy is brought to our attention in the last two lines by the use of enjambment and quick change from past to present. The narrator finds his enemy dead after eating the tempting apple. At this point he is pleased Glad I see My foe outstretched beneath the tree This shocks the reader because the extent he has gone to because he did not express his anger, it then becomes apparent that the narrator is no longer feeling anger but wrath. The way he dies is quick and simple and shows anyone can feel hatred to this extent and perform this cunning deed. Simply Blake conveyed the message that if anger is expressed its good and relieving but if held, it turns into resentment, fear and hatred grows. William Blakes poems do not fit the age in which they were written as his ideas and messages he attempted to put forward have a contemporary outlook. The poems reflect the type of society Blake was living in. In each poem he expresses different controversial ideas; In The Chimney-Sweep Innocence and Experience he puts forward the immoral use of child labourers by putting it in the perspective of a child. In London it is stated how people are controlled easily and how he was against inequality. The message in The Human Abstract however complicated, talks about the human mind and how good and evil are two correlating things. Lastly in A Poison Tree Blake makes it clear that hate, to the extent of wrath, can be present in anyone, and that fear can grow into hate if not expressed. Today Blakes views would not be condemned and most would agree with his ideas. William Blakes views were strongly portrayed in his poems through his poetic devices, language, tone and structure.

The Perception Of Tourists Tourism Essay

The Perception Of Tourists Tourism Essay The tourism industry has become a powerful engine for the economy in many countries. The impact of tourism on society is also related to the different kinds of tourists and a variety of host societies. Hence, their special interest is, in particular, based on their perception. Therefore, the present research will focus on the perception of international tourists, when selecting their World Heritage tourism destination, as this will help us establish the marketing strategy for the World Heritage sites in Thailand. In order to illustrate the heritage tourism in Thailand, this study will focus on the ancient capital cities of the kingdom of Thailand, in which long prosperous eras have been run. Quantitative and qualitative data obtained from questionnaires and an in-depth interview with a president of a world historical park will be the main sources of input for analysis. This chapter starts by outlining the topic and major constructs of the research. It also provides the reason why this information needs to be examined; this is in order for the Tourism Authority of Thailand to increase the number of travellers to Thailand, especially to the heritage sites. The chapter will provide the background information, which is related to the summary of the previous research, followed by the research aims and objectives and the proposed value on the current study. Thailand is also known as the Land of Smiles, which is a reflection on the hospitality and friendly nature of the country as a tourist destination. Peleggi (1996) states Thailand is a country provided with rich culture, history and public museums containing valuable archaeological collections. Moreover, Baedekere (1997) elaborated that Thailand is a must go destination for everyone who has an interest in Asian culture, and for anyone looking for beautiful landscapes and a pleasant climate (Wongkerd, 2003). Tourism represents one of the most dynamic economic sectors of the world. The tourism industry has also increased significantly in the developing countries, especially Southeast Asia and the Pacific. According to the World Tourist Organisation (WTO), tourism trends in Asia and the Pacific were only second after Europe as the most visited regions in the world. As a result, cultural tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry, so its clear that a trend is developing; an increased interest in more specialised activities among tourists. (This trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people (Wikipedia, 2010). As Thailand enters the 21st century, the tourism industry continues to play an important role in contributing to the growth of economic and social development. It has been reported that tourism makes up 6.7% of the Thai economy and 7% of the jobs. Thailand is also well known for the enduring hospitality of its people, its ancient culture and natural environment on offer to visitors. Hence, the number of tourists has steadily increased over the last ten years. The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has stated that Thailand is the myriad tourist destination as its a cultural, natural, exotic and historical site (TAT, 2009). Thailand was ranked eleventh in International tourism receipts (US$ 15.6 billion), and eighteenth in international arrivals with 14.5 million visitors in 2007 (Tourismroi, 2008), (See Appendix 1). Moreover, Thailand wins four Go Asia awards honouring the best service provided for travel to Asia at ITB Berlin 2010 (The Worlds Leading Travel Trade Show), worlds best tourist country in eight consecutive years and also the Swedish Grand Travel Award 2010 (Tatnews, 2010). This research will expand concepts and benefits for the tourism industry especially in the World Heritage sites in Thailand. It will provide essential information, which will improve the services provided not only for international visitors but also for domestic tourists. However, the global crisis, the rising cost of gasoline and the instability of political sense in Thailand, all can be contributing to the decreasing the number of flights and visitors. These issues have become more challenging for the tourism industry in Thailand in its ability to compete with others, in particular, its neighbouring countries like Vietnam and Laos. Thailand Tourism Marketing Plan Rittchainuwat et al. (2001) state that it is difficult to get rid of a negative image but it is easier to increase tourists positive attitudes. The authorities that are directly in charge with the tourism industry such as the Thai government and Tourism authority of Thailand need to make an effort to create positive images through promotional strategies. In addition, Chon and Sigh (1994) also explained that the government should be attempting to change its tourist image by promoting the cultural, natural attractions and the inexpensive shopping in Thailand rather than its sexual attractions. However, a decline of tourist arrivals resulting from the global economic downturn, the 2009 flu pan epidemic and the instability of the internal political situation following the year of 2008 to 2010 have had a significant impact on the tourism industry as initially feared. According to Thailand Tourism Report (pr-inside, 2009), the number of international visitors has fallen down 3% from 14.58 million in 2008 to 14.4 million in 2009 and the total revenue also decreased by 2.8% in the year of 2009. Therefore, these situations have forced the Thai government to focus on stimulating demand and boosting exports in the travel industry. Therefore, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) expects the tourism sector to recover as soon as possible. In June 2010 the TAT has set a budget 1.6-billion-baht, with 600 million baht targeting domestic tourism and 1 billion baht for international markets (Bangkok Post, 2010). The tourism authority of Thailand (TAT) launched the marketing slogan Amazing Thailand for promoting Thailand internationally in 1997. Then in order to react to the tourism crisis in 2009, TAT then re-launched the slogan again as Amazing Thailand, Amazing Value (Tat news, 2009). Thus, this program will help to increase the countrys tourist image and stimulate the number of tourists in order to stop the downturn of the tourism industry in Thailand. 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives Research Aim Since the tourism industry is a very important sector for generating huge revenue for Thailand, it is necessary to determine the relationship between visitors perception of Thailand and the image of Thailand as a country. Therefore, in this research we will examine Thailands image, which will affect the travellers destination choice. Moreover, this study will also step forward by examining the perception of tourists concerning the World Heritage sites as one of their destinations. Thus, the result of this study will be to obtain a suitable strategy in order to meet tourists expectations for their future journeys to Thailand. The research objectives can be defined as: Research Objectives The main research objective is to determine what Tourists perception of Thailand is. This research study also examines the travel characteristics, what tourists are expecting when they are going to Thailand and the socio-demographic characteristics, which affect the destination choice prior to visiting a heritage site. Moreover, the research will examine whether the concept of heritage tourism is popular among the tourists. It also profiles tourists who travel to Thailand, discussing their reasons for travelling and particularly, on a socio-demographic level. The findings will identify a key element, i.e. the major motivation and socio-demographic differences involved between the heritage tourists and other activity participation groups in order to understand consumers travel perception and choice of destination. Subsequently, this will be essential data to develop appropriate marketing strategies to generate greater benefit for the tourism industry and the World Heritage sites in Th ailand. 1.3 Value of the study A lot of research is conducted in the study on the perception of visitors, concerning the attributes of the destination. There are rarely studies of literature on tourism regarding heritage sites, particularly in Thailand This research will be helpful for the tourism sector and marketers to gain a better understanding of the visitors particularly in Thailand. It also can help to develop strategies, which will help the Tourism industry in a long business growth. 1.4 Organisation of the study This study is divided into six main parts, which will be explained as follows. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter provides an introduction to the current study. It is explaining the importance of the research aims and research objectives. A background of the topic, some of the previous research conducted and the value of this research will be contained in this chapter. Chapter 2: Literature Review The second important part is a literature review. This chapter will provide a better understanding about the topic. Moreover, this chapter will give detail and show the development of the research, which has been gathered for the topic. This information will help to clarify and construct this research, which then leads to the research model and hypothesis formulation. Chapter 3: Conceptual Development and Hypothesis formulation The third chapter is based on the literature review, which will be included in the conceptual model for this project. In addition, the formulation of hypothesis will also be explained. Chapter 4: Research Design and Methodology This chapter will give details on how the research is designed and how methodology will be used in order to carry out the research in its entirety. Chapter 5: Results and Analysis The result and analysis chapter will discuss the findings and results after conducting statistical analysis by using the statistical tool SPSS program. The results will be shown, analysed and discussed in this stage. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Implication The last chapter includes the discussions and implication of the study. The limitation of the study, further study and conclusion for the entire piece of research will also be included in chapter six. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This chapter is aiming to give an overview of related theories and perceptions that affect to tourism industry. The review also includes the concept of beneficial image, the image of Thailand and heritage tourism and it also provides a concept which previously has been developed by different researchers who were undertaking the research study with a similar approach. 2.2 How Perception Affects Tourism The term perception of the tourism industry generally can be viewed in two ways. The first one is the mental image created by marketing and media. Another way of perceiving it can be developed by the consumers. In general, the destination will market itself as much as possible in order to persuade the traveller to buy a trip there (Tuohino, 2002 cited from Henkel et al, 2006). Travellers go to the destination in order to consume the products, services and experiences offered to them. Travellers will form their perceptions related to their expectations, which are based on their former experiences, friends, the internet, marketing and information from travel agencies (Kotler, Bowen Markens, 2006). Thus, if the products or services at that particular destination exceed the travellers expectations, it means that they are satisfied. On the other hand, travellers are dissatisfied when their expectations are not met (Mcdowall, 2010). According to Crompton (1979), people travel for four different reasons: personal business travel; corporate business travel; visiting relatives and friends or for pleasure. Therefore, tourists have stereotypical images and different perceptions of travel locations, so it is important for tourism marketers to promote the destination image in a way that will increase the number of tourists (Sirgy Su, 2000). Moreover, the individuals cultural belonging and heritage does not only affect the way people experience and interpret the products and services supplied to them, but it also influences their decision making in regard to choices of vacations and destinations. Furthermore, customers have different perceptions and individual needs, which hold different values to a destination. The collection of customer information is a way to discover the customer needs and their values. Thus, customers benefit the destination through their tastes and preferences, which can directly contribute to ma rketing new products and services in tourism industry (Reportforu, 2010). Fakeye and Crompton (1991), has outlined the tourists image formation process (see Figure 1). It is clear to see from this Figure that the consumers organic images and the induced image of tourist destinations can be obtained from elsewhere, i.e. literature, friends or relatives. These messages play a significant role in influencing the evaluation of alternative travel destinations and finally in making a decision about the destination they will visit (cited from Henkel et al, 2006). Hu Ritchi (1993) stated that the more tourists think that the destination will satisfy their vacation desires, the more likely the visitors will choose the destination. Figure 1: Faye and Cromptons Tourists Image Formation Process (Tuohino, 2002). 2.3 Conceptualisation of beneficial image It was described by the previous study on destination image that a destinations image could contribute to the destination-making process. During this process, travellers build a destination image based on the informative and persuasive information obtained from friends, news and travel agencies (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Thus, an effective destination image strategy will be very important in order to make the particular destination stand out from other countries. Crompton (1979) states that not all images can influence the travellers decision-making process. The research examines the relationships between the attributes of a destination and the decision-making process of tourists. Therefore, understanding the evaluation of the characteristic image related to destination choice is needed in tourism marketing. Moreover, Kotler and Barich (1991) state that the consumer will form an image based on the benefit or value that they expect to get from those products or services. Sheth, Newman, and Gross (1991) suggested that marketing choice behaviour is a multidimensional phenomenon involving multiple values: functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional (see Appendix 1). The study also states that these seven important factors are influencing market choice behaviour. Based on the theory and marketing image concept, the beneficial image model was developed by Tappachai and Waryszak as shown below. Figure 2: Beneficial image model (Tapachai Waryszak, 2000) Figure 2 shows traveller consumption values that are in the beneficial image model. These five consumption values include the functional characteristics of the destinations, Social perception about the destination, the emotions of the traveller in connection to the destination, (epistemic) of the destination meaning that the traveller can gain new experiences from the destination and conditional such as the accessibility to other countries. (Tapachai Waryzak, 2000, cited from Henkel et al, 2006). By using Thailand as an example to describe the model above, Thailands functional values are the bargain shopping, the variety of food and the beautiful scenery. The social result is a destination that is suitable for all ages of people. The emotional value is that it is a place to relax and unwind. An epistemic value is that Thailands culture is beautiful and finally the conditional value is mainly about the location, the traveller can easily gain access to other countries. According to Echtner Ritchie (1993), the destination image refers to the attributes base or holistic (imagery), with each component containing functional (tangible) or psychological (intangible or abstract) characteristics ( Echtner Ritchie, 1993). The attributes perspectives include tourists perceptions through the characteristics of the vacation destination such as beautiful architecture and buildings, numerous cultural, historical attractions and psychological characteristics like a safe place to visit and also friendly people. Moreover, the holistic perspective of the destination relates to the destinations image in terms of physical characteristics such as beaches, mountains, likewise the psychological characteristics are the destinations atmosphere or mood (Echtner Ritchie, 1993 cited from Henkel et al). Rod Davies (2003) explained that every destination has its own brand image. Also, factors like cost and convenience play an important role in decision-making about the destination. However, the strongest influence and motivator is the image of the tourism destination (Davies, 2003). Therefore, images are the brand identity, which tourists can perceive. In addition, images can both increase and decrease the selection of the destination by the traveller (Henkel et al). However, Bigne et al. (2001) argued that image does not only influence the destination choice, but it also has an influence on the evaluation of the destination after the vacation. It can be clear whether or not the traveller will return to the destination (Bigne et al, 2001 cited from Henkel et al). Moreover, a high positive image of one particular destination means that it is more likely to be chosen by the tourist in the process of decision-making (Echtner Ritchie, 1993). In conclusion, image plays an important role in tourist satisfaction and the preconceived image of the destination will influence the tourists decision on their vacation destination. 2.4 The image of Thailand Destination image can be both positive and negative, if two destinations are offering almost the same characteristics for the travellers perception. Therefore, the more positive the image is of a destination, the more likely that the traveller will go there (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Thailand is not only a land of smile as a result of the friendly people and the safety of the place, but also as a result of its cultural, natural and historical attractions. Due to the study of Yau and Chan on the image of Southeast Asia, Thailand has been perceived as a reasonably priced place with beautiful beaches and various attractions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). In addition, Tapachai Waryszak conducted a study about the beneficial image characteristics of Thailand and grouped the results, showing that the functional attributes are the cheap shopping, variety of food, friendly people and historical sites as well as the epistemic attribute of experiencing the rich culture (Henkel et al, 2006). Furthermore, the research between Tourism Authority in Thailand (TAT) and Siam University showed the result that there was a positive image of its being seen as a natural and historical travel destination (Henkel et al., 2006). This positive image can be reflected by its being an award winnin g destination from the perspectives of different countries. For example, International Tourisms Bourse Berlin (ITB), awarded Thailand the four go Asia Awards honouring the best service providers for travel to Asia in 2010. The Swedish grand travel award has ranked Thailand as the World Best Tourist Country. However, Thailand has also suffered from a negative image because of prostitution and pollution, which led to the decline of tourist attractions (Rittichainuwat et al., 2001). Prideaux et al (2004) has also stated that the image of Thailand is one of it being an erotic destination. In addition, the image of Thailand was also related to international news coverage being described as a place of prostitution. These negative images can, obviously, affect visitors and might make them not want to visit Thailand. This also leads to the cause of some health and moral issues in Thailand (Henkel et al., 2001). However, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) never promotes Thailand as a sex tourism destination (Prideaux et al., 2004). Suwanmolis study about international media coverage of prostitution in Thailand, revealed that foreign reporters usually report the negative side such AIDS and prostitution because this kind of news very easily gets attention from public. Moreover, Suwanmoli expl ained that there are a high number of as many as 2.8 million prostitutes working in Thailand (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Therefore, the governments concern over this issue should be to minimize the pandemic diseases and prostitution. Alternatively, the Thai government must actively seek to reduce these negative images such as sex tourism, by positive image marketing of other tourism products and by trying to decrease the illegal activities such as prostitution within the country (Henkel et al, 2006). Finally, Thailands image has suffered from a decline of tourist attractions, pollution, traffic jams, a lack of new tourist attractions and the image of sex tourism. Additionally, Ahmed states, once a negative image is established in the minds of potential travellers, even a full range of marketing activities cannot entirely reverse it. Thus, Marketers can do little to eliminate the negative image. In contrast, marketers can offset the negative perception by creating positive images through promotional strategies, including advertising, arranging events, and hosting international conventions and exhibitions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). 2.5 Heritage Tourism The vast majority of literature on heritage, apart from the philosophical and intellectual, has concerned itself with heritage tourism, a sector that has grown globally and also created the revenue and employment for undeveloped countries (Misiura, 2006). The World Tourism Organisation (1992) defines heritage tourism as an immersion in the natural history, human heritage, arts, philosophy and intuitions of another region or country (Laws Pan, 2004). Moreover, Rowan and Baram (2004) describe heritage tourism as a consumerist phenomenon and hence the marketing of this phenomenon is bound to be driven by capitalist tendencies. (cited from Chabra, 2009). Thus, the core of heritage marketing is to find out what the customer wants and to deliver it. Particularly, in relation to built environment, i.e., the marketing activity should be designed to stimulate demand and to satisfy the customer but not to the detriment of that which needs to be preserved for future generations (Misiura, 2006, p.2). Yale (1991), explains that heritage tourism is centred on what we inherited, from historic buildings, to art works, to beautiful scenery. Ashworths (2000) defined the commodification and the past in heritage tourism as that which is based on the commoditized, buildings, memories and experiences of the past (cited from Grace Yan et al). From a demand aspect, heritage tourism is about finding something, which is linked between the present and the past and the travellers emotional experiences (Richards 1997 and Prentice 1993). However, Poria et al. (2001) argued that the relationship of heritage tourism should be based on the individual and the heritage presented rather than on specific site attributes. In addition, they described heritage tourism as a subgroup of tourism, in which the main motivation for visiting a site is based on the places heritage characteristics according to tourists perception of their own heritage (Poria et al., 2001, p. 1048). Also, in order to combine both sup ply and demand in that heritage tourism relies on the strength of both the push and pull factors of the resources located in the area in order to appeal to the potential tourists (Apostolakis (2003, p. 800) Cited from Grace Yan et al). Heritage visitors, try to find the different benefits from trips. Poria et al. (2004) pointed out that the reasons for visiting heritage sites for travellers can be grouped into three categories which are under the headings of heritage experience, learning. These explain that there are people who are emotionally involved with a sense of belonging to the site. In contrast, for some tourists, heritage tourism is more than an educational or recreational experience. Something further suggested by Martin et al. (2004, p.131), is that determining the potential of heritage tourism and the possible impact and the marketing direction needed to attract these visitors will be less speculative if the nature of the tourist is better understood. World Heritage is the programme administered by the UNESCO, the programme aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity and to raise awareness of how to maintain the sites to last for future generations of humanity (Thaiwh, 2010). In Thailand, there are The World Heritage sites of Ayutthaya, Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai and Kamphaengphet provinces. It is the rich heritage and magnificent architecture that make them World Heritage sites that are listed in 1991 by UNESCO (UNESCO, 1992). Therefore, the marketing of heritage, especially heritage tourism will help to serve the products and services to customers related to those World heritage sites in Thailand. It can be seen that strategic planning has been used within many organizations. In order to be successful, travel and tourism industries must not only understand who the customers are but also know how to market them in order to satisfy the needs of their customers. In addition, tourism organisations should identify groups of customers with homogeneous characteristics and behaviours and try to adapt their offers to the unique needs and desires of the segment members. Heritage marketing, therefore, is both management philosophy and a set of business techniques. It is very important to recognise that the management of tourism will be ineffective without an understanding of the way tourists make decisions and act in relation to the consumption of tourism products. This research not only provides an opportunity for people to fulfil their individual needs, but to exceed their expectations and ensure that it brings benefits to the World Heritage sites in Thailand (Reportforu, 2010). 2.6 Conclusion The literature reviewed has provided general information about the perception of the tourists through the image of Thailand and Thailands image dimensions. However, the review has also identified both positive and negative imaging, which affects the tourists destination choice. It is worth noting that the concepts described in previous articles, journals and text book, are pertaining and believed to have a direct effect on to the research model which is proposed in the current investigation. Therefore, the proposed research model and hypotheses formulation will be discussed in the following chapter. 3. Conceptual Development and Hypothesis formulation 3.1 Introduction This conceptual development and hypothesis chapter aims to clarify the relationship between offering destination characteristics and the perception of the traveller through the image of Thailand toward its heritage sites. Moreover, the study will define whether particular perception will have a relationship with the decision-making of the traveller as to the choice of destination. This research will provide the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) with an understanding of how the perception of tourists will affect the destination. Therefore, the TAT can be able to launch alternative promotion strategies for particular destinations that need to be considered. Therefore, the research model and formulation of hypothesis that are results from the literature review in chapter two will be explained as seen below in order to maintain these sites for future generations of humanity (Thaiwh, 2010). 3.2 Research Framework How tourists go about choosing their destination, the relationship of independent variable, factors like offering characteristics and tourist perception through Thailands image and the effect this has on the travellers destination choice. Also, the moderator variables such as demographic are used to determine the effect on tourist destination choice. Therefore, the research model has been constructed as shown below. Research Model Research Questions: H1: There is a significant relationship between offering characteristics and the destinations chosen in Thailand H2: There is a significant relationship between tourists perception of Thailands image and the destination choices. H3: There is a significant correlation with the demographics of tourists in relation to the destination choices? 3.3 Hypothesis Formulation According to the research model and existing hypotheses in the literature review that were formulated and clarified. Later, the hypotheses will be tested for the significant relationships under analysis. 3.3.1 Construct 1: How does the fact the trip offers characteristics have an effect the destination chosen? RQ1: What important characteristics are travellers expecting on their trip when visiting Thailand? H1 : There is a significant relationship between the offering of characteristics and the destinations chosen in Thailand A traveller goes to the destination in order to consume the products, services and experiences that that particular destination offers. Travellers will form their experience related to their expectations, which are based on their former experiences, friends, the Internet, marketing and information from travel agencies (Kotkew, Bowen Markens, 2006). In addition, the study of Crompton (1979) states that not all images can influence the travellers decision-making process. The research examines the relationship between the attributes of a destination and the decision-making process of tourists. Therefore, understanding the link between the destinations characteristic related to the destination choice is needed in tourism marketing. Thus, this research will discover the relationship between offering characteristics and destination choices. 3.3.2 Construct 2: What are tourists perceptions through the images presented of Thailand? RQ2: What are tourists perceptions through the images presented of Thailand? H2 : There is a significant relationship between tourists perceptions of Thailands image and destination choice. The second major hypothesis is about the image perceived by visitors when making choices about a destination to visit within Thailand. Destination image can be both positive and negative, if two destinations are almost offering the same characteristics. Therefore, the more positive the image is of a destination, the more likely that traveller will go there (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Due to the study of Yau and Chan on the image of Southeast Asia, Thailand has been perceived as a reasonably priced place with beautiful beaches and various attractions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). In addition, Tapachai Waryszak conducted a study about the beneficial image characteristics of Thailand and grouped the results, the research showed the attributes as the cheap shopping, the variety of food, the friendly people and historical sites as well as the epistemic attribute of having a chance to experience Thailands rich culture (Henkel et al, 2006). However, Thailand also has a negative image because of