Police Brutality And Its Effect On Society - 1742 Words

First, you may ask yourself, what Police Brutality defines itself as? â€Å"Police Brutality is when an officer using more force than necessary to control a situation.† (Smith). Police Brutality occurs with OC spray, batons, stun guns, or handguns. But Police Brutality can also be seen with a use of threats or intimidation. In today’s world, we see plenty of stories all over social media, the news shows live broadcasts on protesters against the Police and excessive force. If you stop and look around, most of the Police Brutality taking place today deals with race or politics. It always seems that the people with a badge, like to think they have the upper hand with a higher power because they feel as if they are backed by the government and that everything will be taken care of. Well this is getting much too out of hand, and something needs to be changed, or there may end up being a war between the people and the police. There needs to be a way or policy enforced to help civilians feel a better sense of protection with the police. Police Brutality started becoming popular back in the early 90’s and was being shown on TV. One major occurrence in the 90’s was the Rodney King Case. In 1991, Rodney King was shown on video, getting beat with batons by officers, and suffered broken bones and internal injuries. â€Å"When the police weren’t found guilty, riots started all over Los Angeles. Several shootings occurred in NYC which increased the prompt to citizen complaints boards being moreShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And Its Effect On Society1610 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality in the USA Police brutality has adverse effects on society in its entirety and, hence, there is need to stop these acts so as to improve cohesiveness and the observation of the law in society. Police brutality is an old problem that has been around in this country for many years. Unfortunately, civilians have experienced it in their thousands, suffering varying degrees of damages, ranging from injuries or even loss of their lives at the hands of the brutal police. Even more dishearteningRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects On Society Essay2047 Words   |  9 Pages Police brutality has often been reported on the mass medias and in newspaper articles. Police Brutality is a form of police misconduct in which officers engage in an excessive use of force and or verbal attack. The purpose of this study was basic information concerning the topic â€Å"Police Brutality†. The study is to investigate â€Å"what are the causes and effects of police brutality in Belize and what recommendations are given to prevent such behavior?† It is very important to investigate police brutalityRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effect On Society Essay2173 Words   |  9 Pagesfew years, we have had to face the issues of police brutality in our society. In many cases, we see that history repeats itself and that is the case that we are facing now. We thought that we as humans are equal and no one is above anyone but the past few years that has not been the case. Police brutality is seen as an illegal or excessive force by police, whether to affect a lawful goal or to achieve a corrupt one. I do not have a problem with police using force when the situation they’re in callsRead MorePolice Brutality : The Rights Of Every Man Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesrights of one man are threatened.† Because police brutality exists within our society, citizen’s human and civil rights are being violated due to these circumstances. B. Background and Audience Relevancy: Throughout our nation, the views of citizens have drastically changed due to police brutality. Citizens are lacking the trust with in the police force because of the excessive or deadly force being used on fellow citizens. However, police brutality is defined as ‘the use of excessive physicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Police Brutality On The Relationship1243 Words   |  5 Pages Bad Blood: The Effects of Police Brutality on the Relationship Between Minorities and the Police Brandon Seigle June 16, 2017 CRJS 498 NC AT University ..................Column Break..................As children we are taught that not only are police officers our friends, but that their job is to protect and serve our communities. Unfortunately, for many minorities this image is shattered as incident after incident occurs in the streets of their communities. With today’s technology, theseRead MorePolice Brutality Is Very Today s Society866 Words   |  4 PagesPolice brutality is extremely prevalent in today’s society. Police brutality is a police officer deliberately using excessive force, psychological attacks, and verbal abuse during law enforcement activities with the population. This unjust brutality is fueled from law enforcement taking action based on emotion or abusing the authority that has been given to them from the government. These actions are causing people, primarily minority groups, to rebel against law enforcement, and inexcusably createRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police abuse is one of the most violated human rights in the United States. Police are portrayed as heroes that stop bank robbers, stop kidnappings and catch murders, but as of recent year’s police actions have come into the public eye. While typically citizens worry about their safety from criminals, it also seems they have to keep an eye out for the people who are supposed to protect them from danger. Thousands of complaints about police brutality is reported each year, and seemsRead MorePolice bruality essay for college class i guess1365 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police brutality occurs daily across America. Police brutality can come in various forms, counting lethal and nonlethal force. Comprehending the exact commonness of police brutality is complex, because of the inconsistency in describing police brutality. The trouble in differentiating among justified and unjustified force. Police interactions often can be misconstrued, or sometimes turned around against an officer. Questionable behavior and complaints against officers can be filedRead MorePolice Brutality : A Social Problem1548 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is a social problem faced in many communities around the world. Focusing on North America, the problems and central focuses on police brutality stem from racism and the excessive abuse of power. Police brutality is defined as unmerited, excessive and aggressive abuse, police brutality is a phenomenon that causes irreparable harm to its victims. The abuse may be physical or psychological, and the victims can feel the effects of this abuse for a lifetime. These effects include notRead MoreThe Effects Of Police Brutality On Minority Communities1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Police Brutality on Minority Communities Police brutality thrives in the inner city regions where minority communities live and work. Police brutality is a crime punishable by law and is often instigated by law enforcement officers who are either racially biased or prone to authority abuse and violent (re)actions. Allegations abound concerning police brutality with police officers using unnecessary or excessive force, committing battery, conducting illegal body searches and bullying

Spatial Information and Occupational Roles Free Essays

Drafting It Is the representation or a draft of an object or an area with specific measures. It Is armorial done with the lad of rulers, scales, compasses, etc, 7. Geographical information systems (GIS) geographical information, especially maps. We will write a custom essay sample on Spatial Information and Occupational Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Part C Use the internet and/or local newspapers to find and list five Jobs that require people with one or more of the abovementioned skills. List the complete Jobs (I. E. Where it is located, who it is for and what skill is required). Job number 1: Researcher in Forest Remote Sensing; Location: Vienna, Austria; Company: University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOOKIE, Vienna); Skills: You possess a Master degree in Conscience, Geography, Natural Resource Management, Forestry, Agronomy or related field. You have significant practical experience in the use of optical remote sensing data. You are highly interested in scientific research questions and you are creative. You possess experience in digital image processing and have a good knowledge in ERDA Imagine or similar software for digital image processing (e. . IDLE-Nevi). Job Number 2: GIS Officer; Location: Western Australia; Company: Dumpier Port Authority; Skills: tertiary or post graduate qualification in GIS or related field alongside a minimum of here years’ experience with GIS applications and SERIES suite extensions, relational databases and various other data formatting applications. You will also have a sound knowledge of geodetic concep ts and cartographic standards. Your demonstrated ability to problem solve and communicate with various stake holders and work autonomously with strict deadlines will be the key to success in this role. Job Number 3: Spatial Consultant; Location: Company: Western Australia; Spatial Solutions Pity Ltd; Skills: A high level of attention to detail, Team spirit – with a desire to contribute and elaborate, an ability to think laterally, excellent communication skills, a dedication to innovation, a GIS related qualification, an ability to manage expectations with a strong service orientation, excellent organizational and time management skills, the ability to work under pressure and coordinate workflow to meet deadlines. Job Number 4: Coastal Resource Management Officer (Philippines); Location: Philippines; Company: Australian Red Cross; The volunteer will need significant diving experience in order to view and map underwater systems. Through GIS they will collect crucial data about henchmen, potential impacts, existing stress and the area’s physical geography which will identify vulnerable areas and support provincial decision making. The successful candidate will demonstrate: Experience in GIS and data management analysis certified and experience diver, tertiary, professional or technical qualifications in GIS or equivalent work experience, self-awareness, cultural sensitivity, flexibility and adaptability, resilience. Job Number 5: Land Surveyor; Location: Darwin; Company: Swift Worldwide Resources; Skills: looking for someone tit the following: Certificate, Associate or Bachelor degree qualification in Spatial Sciences, current manual drivers’ license, able to work away from home for extended periods, motivated and able to work autonomously, fit, healthy and able to cope with challenging work and environmental conditions. How to cite Spatial Information and Occupational Roles, Papers

Business Analysis and Valuation System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Analysis and Valuation System. Answer: Introduction: The performances of an organization are based on the ratio analysis. The efficiency, probability, and liquidity of an organization can be estimated by the represented ratio. The industry benchmark and the budgeted results are compared with each other by the ratio analysis in Alex Blenheim Pty Limited (Alexander, Nobes, Ullathorne, 2016). Ratio Actual 2016 Budget 2016 Actual 2015 Industry Benchmark Return on equity % 12.9 16.6 14.8 15.5 Return on total assets % 10.7 14.2 13.1 14.5 Gross margin % 8.5 9.0 9.5 9.0 Marketing expenses/sales % 2.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 Admin expenses/sales % 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 Interest coverage ratio 5.4 8.1 6.4 6.0 Days in inventory 33.1 30.4 31.1 30.0 Days in accounts receivable 50.0 48.0 49.7 45.0 Current ratio 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.5 Quick asset ratio 0.81 0.77 0.77 1.0 Debt to equity ratio 0.51 0.33 0.41 .40 The company generates an equity estimated number from shareholders fund. The budget and the industry benchmark is more than the actual return on equity of the company in the year of 2014-2015 which is evident that the company is not so able in generating the return on the equity (Appannaiah, Reddy, Putty, 2010). The company is not so efficient to take care of the assets which are proved by the actual return on total assets of the company in 2015-2016 which is less than the budget and the industry landmark. The actual result of the gross margin ratio demonstrates the performances of the company, that was less than the budget of 2016 and more than the industry benchmark of 2015. The fixed cost of the company is high because of the low ratio or gross margin. The ratio of actual marketing sale ratio is more than the budget of 2016 and less that the industry benchmark of 2015. When the market cost becomes more than the sales, then the higher ratio arrived. The ability of the organization to pay the interest cost is noticed by the interest coverage ratio which is less than the budget result of 2016 and more than the industry benchmark of 2015 (Beechy, Conrod, 2008). The ratio of the paying of the interests by the company is identified by the high-interest and the low-interest coverage ratio. The current ratio shows that the organization can pay all the interests. The budget of 2016 is more than the actual current ratio, and the industry benchmark result of 2015 is more than the actual current ratio which is more than 1. When the ratio becomes more than one, then it shows that the company can pay all the obligations. The capacity of an enterprise to pay interests are known by the quick ratio results. The actual quick ratio is more than the budgeted result in the year 2016 and also less than the industry benchmark in the year 2015. The achievements of the target by the company can be shown by the actual quick ratio. During the year of 2015-2016, the level of debt of t he company is known by the debt to equity ratio. The actual debt to equity ratio is more than the budget result and the industry benchmark for the year 2015 and 2016 respectively which shows the high debt level of the company. The current and the quick ratio are high in 2016. The financial ratio shows that the profit is less than the cost. The fair value of the company is shown by the financial statements of the auditors. The financial report of the group is fairly represented by the audit process. The financial report can be affected by the internal audit function and audit control process. The financial statement analysis and the internal control can be done by the external auditors with the help of the internal auditors (Bragg, 2013). The effective control by the auditors can decrease the loss of assets and certify the accurate information and the regulation of the financial report. The financial report of the company is responsible for the market value of company and relationship of the internal and the external auditors. Audit steps to reduce risk The preparation and the presentation of the financial statement are dependent on the auditors. The internal auditor invents few issues that are: The separation of the duties among the employees sometimes creates troubles. In large organizations, there are fewer probabilities of errors than that of the small organizations. In a large organization, the various difficulties are handled by the different specialist (Britton, Waterston, 2013). The management plays a major role in the monitoring and controlling the organization. The financial statement can be analyzing by the auditors who estimate the possibilities of error or false statements. All the organizations are dependent on them, and the improper documentation can be effective for the companies. The auditors explain the job functions to the employee. The incorrect documentation can be harmful to both the employee and the companyduring the segregation of the duties (Burns, 2014). The documentation procedure and the policies can confirm the position of the company in the market. The weak it controls, and the data security problem can be faced by the organization which is solved by the internal auditors. The internal auditors are concern about the safety and the security of the confidential data of the company, so they take care of it. The internal auditors always maintain the discipline, attention, determination which is a significant impact on the long-term goals of the organization. The internal and external auditors, managers and the employees monitor all the problem of the organization and try to solve them. The senior managers take care of the risk factors of the management committees and play a significant role in the implementation of the senior management department. The senior management adopts some strategies for the development of the company (Dalton, 2013). The auditors are responsible for the fair presentation and providing the significant information to the shareholders. The auditors play a role in the solving of the problems arises by the shareholders. In the analysis of the material and the presentation of the final report, the auditors play a significant role. The auditors supply the techniques to the company and apply the method through which they can determine the mistakes or errors (Helbk, Lindset, McLellan, 2010). The auditors can determine the risk factors and help in the implementations of the techniques, strategies and they try to overcome the problem faced by the company. The auditors can help to monitor and decrease the errors. The processes of the organizations should be managed, and the auditors play a significant role in presenting fair value and provide significant information to the stakeholders. These internal control weaknesses can be managed easily or can be rectified quickly by slightly modifying the existing procedures or bringing out the necessary internal controls. Some of the levels are greater to some extending this level of the adult risk and the social responsibilities. The internal control weaknesses are pivotal and reduce the appropriateness of the auditing. There are several internal control weaknesses which can be the reason for the loss or damage of the property, resources, as well as it can reduce the income of the organization (Northington, 2011). There are various internal control weaknesses that influence the audit practices within the organizations. Some of the major internal control weaknesses are: inadequate documentation/records, central business cycles inappropriately defined, lack of control over authorized transaction, no oversight plus review, lack of physical and logical security, the inventory control weakness etc. Moreover, the inventory control weakness is one of the most important internal control weakness. The inventory is one of the most critical area of error, the area is prone to be error. The auditors have to be alert at the time of auditing that the all inventory item are properly recorded. The auditors have to check manually all records of the stocks. The records must be check with the physical evidence of the inventory stocks. In is highly intense area, where the audit risk can be arose. Inadequate documentation/records With proper numbering of documentation, helps in tracing the records when necessary. It was required for the auditing of the way in the property in similar such a way there are several items in the auditing that many of the documentation will severely in such manner that purpose of verification with appropriate budgeted in the significant landmarks. Moreover, sufficient documentation will make the procedure easy of enforcing financial records as well as completing tax returns. The tracing of the literature which connects to follow up queries as well as the question from the consumers of the past transaction can be easier (Palepu, Healy, Peek, 2016). This will support in preventing to record the same transaction in multiple places in multiple time as there must not be any of the duplicate numbers in the system. Proper documentation helps in giving the satisfactory answer to the queries about the financial transactions. The documentation gives evidence of the underlying transactions. The financial documents must be pre-numbered to ensure that the entire transactions are recorded as well as accounted for help in tracing the records when necessary. The sales and the accounts receivable, cash management, banking process, purchase along with account payable. At the time the development plus changes are made to the procedures, the employees can be informed quickly, to train and brought up to the speed. Possibly the most unapplied control tools where the most value can be included with small effort. Documenting the primary controls is each of this cycle will give transparency, consistency, as well as distinct roles and responsibilities in every single of these cycles, which can be quickly assigned to the particular individual. As the business have diverse focal areas different period will be significant to your business; however, for the maximum numbers of business, the following procedures can be critical. Consistency, as well as distinct roles and responsibilities in every single of these cycles, which can be quickly assigned to the particular individual (Parker, 2007). Lack of control over authorized transaction A particular dollar value can reduce the overall expenditure because the degree of authority can be brought up superior reduction for the risk or threat of improper payment. Authorization of the buying must occur before the commitment of the resources. The business owners or management must take few time as well as interest in the financial record of the organization. The business group uses to get so involved with the day to day business operation that the team often forgets to review their business process (Ricchiute, 2006). Apart from this, insufficient disaster recovery is also impeding the development and growth of the organization. Deficiency of the physical safety of the business property plus resources might influence the outcome in loss or damage to the goods and resources. No formal ethical policies and methods then the organization may face difficulties in establishing the integrity and ethics within the employees of the organization. The overhead required to be maintained under control to ensure that a clear profit outcome from its operation. Thus from this insufficient was directly from the values of the organization that has some recovery in the business property. Deficiency of the physical security of the buildings plus resources might influence the outcome of loss or damage to the goods and resources. The company lack in proper documentation as the company failed to put a unique number to the documents that slow down the assessment process. Access to the tools, petty cash as well stock veri fication must be restricted to the proper person and must be stored in a secure location. The undertaken business organization Alex Blenheim operates in comparatively low gross margin business environment. The overhead required to be maintained under control to ensure that a clear profit outcome from its operation (Subramanyam, 2014). Audit impact It helps the management to make the important management decision for the company. For improper documentation of the financial records can misguide the auditors about the financial position of the organizations. The income statement helps in showing the revenues and expenses of the company, within the pre-specified period. The cash flow can be of two types cash inflow and cash outflow. The cash flow statement shows both the cash inflow and the cash outflow. The financial statement is mainly of three kinds: balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. Besides this, there are different expenses also, and the expenses also recorded in the income statement of the company. The internal audit usually performed within the enterprise and the company's auditor use to carry out the inspection tasks (Weil, 2017). The statements are various ranging in order with financial records of the organization. When some of the income rates are not probably maintained by any of the company than some of the economic systems that are auditory take right steps in order of audit performed. The financial statements provide indifferent information to the users, and the auditors are responsible for recognizing the mistakes of the financial statements. Audit steps to reduce risk To verify the account receivables and account payable very minutely as well as the inventory is also an effective audit risk thus the records of the inventory must be checked manually with the files of the commercial segments. The auditors have to take few steps to reduce the danger of the auditing. Hence, the accounts must take adequate steps so that the audit risk can be minimized. The financial statements such as they auditors have to check the journal entries also as it helps in assessing the errors of the financial statement (Welch, 2014). The job roles and responsibilities must be clearly defined so that there would not be any confusion about the job. There are some variables in order of high clearance of payable is also critical of the records from some gross margin business environment. Authorization of the buying must occur before the commitment of the resources. Help in aligning the business objectives as well as support in establishing best practices for the operating proc edure. Computer-assisted programs are designed for use during the auditing process. They help to establish the audit process in the appropriate way. Auditing procedures involve ample processing of data which is much simplified by such computerized programs. The accounting system for clients helps in the appropriate specification with the help of features integrated for improving the comprehensiveness of the system. Such systems also help to control sustentative transactions for depiction as leaving skilled resources. The three computer-assisted methods involved in the preparation of an audit report are described as follows: The packaged programs which are generalized in nature: These generalized systems have to be modified slightly to define the exact format of the file. The parameters also can also be interrogated by the program by giving the data that requires extraction. The data structure required to be provided can be expanded through displaying the right format of the files which would be the outputs. Thus the data becomes very convenient to handle and flexible as well when it is processed through such computer systems. The software just requires some modification for the exact format for which it is to be used, and after that, it would make tasks much easier. Programs are written for a purpose- The programs of this type are designed specifically for particular purposes and thus need no modification. These are usually used by appropriate organizations in their several operations. These applications are also operable in machines with particular specifications(Rahman, 2015). The categorization within such software is very necessary for displaying the appropriate procedures for the particular data. According to the different categories of machines, the processing of the data differs. The enhanced effectiveness of the data can be easily identified by the show of enhancement of data. Utility based programs for use by clients- The use of such programs is on the display of the data related to the performance. This is done by assessing the performance in terms of the various functions and sorting them accordingly to present the data in a very user-friendly format. When the software is used in auditing, the checks on the calculation are conducted, and these are also displayed to the user. Thus the users can be sure that the audit would be error free. The detection of the errors is made by displaying every entry which is relevant to the identification of the purchases. Any violation of the rules of auditing can be easily depicted through the display of the statement that there is no effective calculation of customer balance. This is in turn done by showing the specification of the limit for credit. Thus the unreasonable parts of the calculation are then displayed by the display of the appropriate discounts. The detection performed shows that the sales ledger balance was displayed as debtor's balance. The statistical analysis is performed by appropriately selecting the audit testing process. The completion of the process of checking is made by showing the process of audit testing. The continuity in sales is checked by the display of the sales inv oices and by ensuring the accounted processes involved for benefiting the customers or the stakeholders. Hence the classification of the ledger balance can be easily show3n by depicting the appropriate work structure. Hence the structure can be easily depicted by appropriately implementing the circularization of debtors. The inclusion of strategic balance can also be easily done by identifying the items which are slow moving. The ledger balance of the sample sales is thus very efficiently handled by such software and program becomes a complete assistance for the conduct of audit for different organizations. The software is extremely capable in this regard and proves extremely useful to the auditors. The strategic balance is very efficiently maintained by conducting all the activities with the same accuracy and providing recovery options and cross checks at every step of the audit. The costs of the software are high, with set up costs involved as well. But the costs should be borne b y organizations needing efficient audit assessment and accurate results. References Alexander, D., Nobes, C., Ullathorne, A. (2016).Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Appannaiah, H., Reddy, P., Putty, R. (2010).Financial accounting. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Beechy, T., Conrod, J. (2008).Intermediate accounting. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Bragg, S. (2013).Financial analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Britton, A., Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Burns, P. (2014).Business Finance. Elsevier Science. Dalton, H. (2013).Principles of Public Finance. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Helbk, M., Lindset, S., McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Northington, S. (2011).Finance. New York, NY: Ferguson's. Palepu, K., Healy, P., Peek, E. (2016).Business analysis and valuation. Andover, Hampshire, United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA. Parker, R. (2007).Understanding company financial statements. London: Penguin. Parrino, R. (2015).Corporate Finance. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Powers, M., Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rahman, N. (2015).Corporate Finance. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Ricchiute, D. (2006).Auditing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomson Learning.. Subramanyam, K. (2014).Financial statement analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Weil, R. (2017).Financial accounting. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Welch, I. (2014).Corporate finance. Los Angeles: Ivo Welch.

What are the main causes of social exclusion Essay Example

What are the main causes of social exclusion Paper Social exclusion occurs where individuals become excluded from mainstream society, thus placing them at a disadvantage in terms of life chances. Contrary to the common view that social exclusion is confined only to council estates, individuals from teenage mothers to older adults of various socio-economic levels and family types can easily become excluded from society. This essay shall explain the common occurrences of social exclusion within council estates and their causes. I shall then proceed to discuss the strategies used by various housing organisations to combat the problem. According to the government the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Social exclusion is a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown1. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main causes of social exclusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main causes of social exclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main causes of social exclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To be excluded from society is not a situation exclusive to residents of council estates suffering from disrepair; individuals become excluded from society when various factors2 prevent or limit their ability and opportunity to participate in the mainstream of society. The following are commonly reported examples of social exclusion. One of the most common examples of social exclusion occurs in council estates, where the residents are generally not content with their living conditions but feel it is the best they can gain. They typically spend most of their time in the home or around the estate, rarely venturing out of the surrounding area. The majority of their life surrounds socialising with family and friends. This estate life is therefore important to them because it occupies such a large part of their lives and provides the large majority of their social contacts. Such a resident will have relatively low levels of aspiration and motivation, which is commonly the result of feeling stuck in low-level employment3 or having to rely on social security and other benefits for a relatively long duration. This is known as the benefits trap. They are also poorly qualified4 and skilled, sometimes with low levels of literacy. The type of people who live in this situation do not perceive the high rates of joblessness or increasing disrepair on their estate as significant problems and take it all in their stride. As a result, they accept: o The level of crime, caused mainly by drugs misuse and the anti-social behaviour of other residents. o Their actual and expected levels of relatively low personal achievement and educational attainment. o Qualities in their environment that wouldnt normally be accepted within mainstream society, such as prolonged disrepair and noise pollution for instance. o High levels of pressure from peers to conform to their activities and standards. The main cause of this common example of social exclusion was the major shift from the manufacturing industries to service industries, mainly over the last two decades. This shift was propelled mainly by the fall of the Keynesian economics and the rise in free market economics. The Thatcherism approach adopted by the conservative government of that time also increased the competitiveness of the services sector, thus improving the sector for the public and making the sector more efficient and profitable. This made many redundant from society as a large proportion of people that were skilled in the manufacturing sector made unemployed and left in a generally unsuccessful search for employment. This is because they are not skilled or experienced in the service industry. This was further worsened by the use of ineffective5 and inflexible housing policies; the under funding of public services, which in turn led to the deterioration and withdrawal of public services from housing estates. As a direct result, those that could move out of the area6, did move out of the area, resulting in the residualisation of the social renting sector as council housing becomes a service for those who can not afford to buy (Forrest and Murie, 1990)7. The housing estates have become poorer places with more unemployed residents, less adequate services and a poorer physical and social environment. When those with the opportunity leave the area, it becomes much more difficult to reverse the process of residualisation through renewal and regeneration of the estate. On the other hand, various factors such as inertia, the feeling of little worth and not being able to aspire to achieve more, lack of security, poor educational facilities for children, poor job prospects and a worsening environment, are all valid reasons to move away. Having grown up in the area, however, many feel tied and are reluctant to leave, despite the fact that the quality of the area has deteriorated. It is easy for single parent families to become excluded from society, when there is little or no support available within reach. This is another common example of social exclusion. Most of the young people in such a situation who had been jobless since leaving school had also experienced a troubled upbringing and an unstable family background; many came from broken homes and had been brought up by various different adults, the partners of one of the birth parents, for example. This causes disruption in the childs life on various levels including education. Many studies into this area display a relationship between poor childhoods leading into a poor adulthood, causing repeating generational life cycles. This leads onto the next common example of social exclusion There has been an increasing governmental interest of the government in the anti-social behaviour of teenagers growing into anti-social young adults. More positive attitudes to work and life can be found amongst young people whose parents were working or had worked for most of their lives but on a low wage. There is increasing awareness of the social exclusion of pensioners, especially those found on council estates. They are scared to leave their home, and so choose not to unless absolutely necessary. There is no adequate support for them and there are recently reported high levels of poverty8 amongst pensioners, as those with supplementary incomes rely solely on governmental assistance. About one million pensioners have no income other than the state retirement pension and benefits. Their vulnerability is underlined by figures showing that they spend about half as much on food as those with private incomes. Those with supportive children rely on them to perform basic task such as essential shopping and they are usually the main source of their social contact. Without this, they become prisoners in their own home, paranoid and reclusive, increasing their risk of mental and physical health problems. Other types of individuals that can become excluded from society are ethnic minorities being both a minority in the country neighbourhood, ex-offenders and the homeless and their difficulties with rehabilitation, people with language difficulties, medical problems, and mental health. Due to their heavy dependence on their local area, local facilities of all types are needed. The stigma and reputation of areas further affects residents in seeking jobs and in a variety of other contexts (Lee, 1998)9. Typical qualities as described by Professor Paul Spicker of poor estates are10: o Vandalism As a result of the inadequate space for children and teenagers to play, both in or out of their home. o Rubbish It may cost money that the local authority does not have to pay for the removal of large items of rubbish (such as old furniture). o Home maintenance The maintenance of homes and gardens costs money for equipment, which many poor people do not have. o Lack of community facilities Shops and facilities are not economically viable and so are not invested in. o Empty housing Housing is left empty because the area is unattractive. In comparison, a bad house in a good area would still be taken. o Design There is a clear connection between bad design and problems such as vandalism, rubbish and graffiti. The problems with high-rise blocks have been lack of play space, isolation, disposal of rubbish; noise insulation, reliance on lifts which are often dirty, vandalised or broken; inadequate water pressure, and insecurity because of fears of fire, building movement or crime. Housing organisations are in place to aid the implementation of the housing policies and legislation of the government. In further detail, housing organisations are in place to improve housing services and facilities, making them more effective; improving educational and employment opportunities, which invests in the future generation in the area; to manage funding and to improve the level of tenant involvement through participation and consultation. This helps to determine the needs of the community and its area, giving their strategies the increased likelihood of being effective in the particular area. This also enables the decision makers to prioritise more effectively and makes the tenants feel more involved, as they are aware of the activities within their own area. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation11 is one of the most prominent charities in the UK in this sector. It aims to contribute towards policy making and the development and implementation of current policies through their extensive research in the areas of housing, social care and social policy. Another housing organisation contributing towards the improvement of the social housing sector is the Housing Corporation12 who provides funding using public money for housing associations to provide sufficient homes and services for its residents. Through regulation, the Housing Corporation ensures that these homes and supporting services remain sufficient to the needs of their residents for the foreseeable future. Such social housing organisations are taking on a much larger and influential role in the governmental drive for economic regeneration through social regeneration. This means that through past experience of failed and poorly designed strategies, the government now acknowledges that they must improve the public that they serve and their quality of life for the economy to improve. The following is a summary of a good practice case study carried out by the Housing Corporation on the East Thames Housing Group: o The East Thames Housing Group13 is based in Stratford, East London and currently possesses eight thousand units. o They are involved in the Single Regeneration Budget14 and the City Challenge15 and are said to have good links with local authorities. o With the help of funding from the European Union, the ETHG ran two series of a project entitled Youthstart16 throughout the years of 1995 to 1999. Youthstart was aimed at young people who are viewed by the government as being the most vulnerable to social exclusion. o Through Youthstart, the young people who took part in the project were provided with accommodation, training and further enhancement of their employment opportunities. According to a new study by David Page, the governments war against social exclusion and anti-social behaviour is a race against time to prevent already troubled social housing estates from deteriorating further17. The increasing popularity and frequency of use of the term social exclusion reflects the governments appreciation of the importance of this large issue. As mentioned previously, individuals of various socio-economic levels can easily become excluded from society. Social exclusion is not just about being poor and living on a council estate; it is about literally not fitting in with society. This encompasses an individual not being able or having the feeling that they are not able to go about daily duties that the average member of society performs. This includes shopping, travelling and socialising, but to name a few. Housing organisations such as the Housing Corporation are funded by the Single Regeneration Budget and the City Challenge. Housing organisations are also developing their intra-organisational relations by involving themselves in various anti-poverty projects, mainly through the New Deal for communities18 and social exclusion projects through the Social Exclusion Unit. The deterioration of council housing stock has intensified the social divide between home owners and council tenants. Disadvantaged residents and their areas require constant attention and support. The levels of tight to insignificant budgets and mismanagement of staff and funding have left public services in a poor condition. This needs to be improved if they are to contribute towards the betterment of the troubled estates. Whether such council estates will improve or continue to decline will depend on the response of its residents and the efforts of the local government and their housing organisations. More needs to be done to retain the current residents on the currently troubled council estates in order to prevent further residualisation of the social housing sector. Participation in community-based activities is an important mechanism for social inclusion19. Tenant involvement through the constant use of consultation and participation is one of the major solutions to social exclusion on council estates. It is likely that initial efforts will be met with resistance but persistence is necessary if attitudes are to be changed reversed in order to function in the mainstream of society, rather than anti-socially. The government and their housing organisations have lost the trust of those that have become excluded from society and left to take care of themselves. This has inadvertently created an exodus of people with particular group norms that do not fit in with mainstream society and so are considered anti-social. Those that are socially excluded but do not fit into such group norms are greater victims, as they are totally alone and so receive the worst treatment. More consultation and tenant participation in plans for regenerating the area. This will provide a greater sense of commitment for the residents and enable them to take more pride in their neighbourhood.

Compare and contrast the records of one of Debussy 24 preludes WEST WIND

Compare and contrast the records of one of Debussy 24 preludes WEST WIND Introduction Claude Debussy (1862-1918) was a French pianist and composer whose exceptional work in technical composition made him one of the most prominent composers of his era.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Compare and contrast the records of one of Debussy 24 preludes WEST WIND specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He is considered to be the founder of modern sensualist compositions, creating a new trend in musical performance by use of contemporary scales and a diversity of tonal arrangements, greatly influenced by Russian compositions and Eastern cultures. He had the unique ability of collectively assimilating different tonal variations simultaneously to form a richer unified reminiscent resonance which earned him the title of a musical impressionist. His mastery in solo piano saw the addition of Preludes to his repertoire, which until his contribution were not regarded as important in musical composition. Deb ussy composed the entire collection of preludes over a period of three years (1910-1913) and divided them into two separate books, each book containing twelve preludes. Preludes The 24 Preludes composed by Debussy in book 1 and 2 are short musical pieces that are meant to put across a specific atmosphere or feeling which is pointed out by the title of each piece. The titles are placed at the foot of each peace to allow the pianist and the audience to inwardly interpret the music before they get to understand the composer’s perspective (Harpole 1986). The Preludes are considered to be among the epitome of the composer’s keyboard mastery, but even Debussy himself admitted that not all the preludes received the commendation he had hoped for. West wind What the West wind saw (Ce qu’a vu le vent douest) is the seventh of the twelve preludes in Claude Debussys first book of preludes. The piece begins with tension preceded by a metrical build up of the bass which eleva tes the tension present in the music (Roberts 1996). The build up of the bass is gradual and then rapidly explodes with two tonal variations the high pitched tones in the registry giving out a howling sound while a growling sound emanates from the lower pitch tones to give a cumulative effect of rage and destruction (Harpole 1986).Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Like most of the other preludes, Debussy withholds from the latent use of imagery and instead bases What the West wind saw entirely on musical and harmonic texture. He creatively replicates the natural sound of wind to produce the wailing, loud and moving sounds of a powerful wind (Muller, nd). This three minute prelude is supposed to induce the violent and overwhelming power of an aggressive wind. The piece is also particularly potent in tritones and whole-tone motifs which can be found in all of the aggr essive chords and fast comprehensive arpeggios (Roberts 1996). Debussys virtuosity is evident in the rapidly alternating tonal variations and the low range tremolos (Weiss 2003). Book 1 is made up of 12 preludes, What the West wind saw being one of them. Most of the preludes in book one are of a light texture though there are some preludes that come close to What the West wind saw (Park 1967). The first prelude, Danseuses de Delphes (Dancers of Delphi) sharply differs from West Wind in melody and harmony. The harmonies are of a lighter tone and the melody is more prominent and much closer to the accompanying chords. It also bears percussion accents which are not present in the west wind. However, the technique used is similar to that of west wind in terms of layered texture and modal scales. Voiles (Veils or sails) uniquely lacks the half-step and bears a prominent B-flat tone through out. The melody is intermittent projecting sonorously whole tone scale. This prelude bears no simil arity to west wind both in character and color (Lockspeiser 1978). Le vent dans la plaine (The Wind in the Plain) suggests the presence of wind and is similar to west wind in content (Harpole 1986). The prelude is however different from west wind in that it suggests a calmer and more bearable wind in form of a breeze. Whole tone scale only appears in the middle, the rest of the prelude being dominated by pentatonic scale (Weiss 2003). Les sons et les parfums tournent dans lair du soir (The sounds and fragrances swirl through the evening air) just like west wind, this piece is rich in harmonic content (Lockspeiser 1978).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Compare and contrast the records of one of Debussy 24 preludes WEST WIND specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The melody is however different from west wind, and this prelude bears two thematic melodies that are layered over and interchanged through out the prelude. L es collines dAnacapri (The Hills of Anacapri) is similar to west wind in that it is richly embodied with energy. The difference is that the energy present in The Hills of Anacapri is thematic to a party mood whereas the energy of west wind is more of a destructive nature (Park 1967). Des pas sur la neige (Footsteps in the Snow) precedes west wind in book 1 and is a sharp contrast to the latter prelude. The perelude has a slow sad melody of the minor keys and ends with staccato bass. La fille aux cheveux de lin (The Girl with the Flaxen Hair) follows west wind and the use of simple harmonies make this prelude openly different from west wind. The melody is pentatonic, a stark contrast to the previous prelude (Roberts 1996). The layered harmony of melody and diatonic chords gives this prelude an impressionist aura. La sà ©rà ©nade interrompue (Interrupted Serenade) unlike the west wind is unique in attempting to imitate a guitarist as he attempts to serenade a maiden (Harpole 1986). This prelude is full of imagination and unlike west wind bears a legato melody together with a concise cadenza. La cathà ©drale engloutie (The engulfed cathedral or the sunken cathedral) is distinctively rich with Impressionist technique. Similar to west wind, this prelude uses of modal scales but differs from west wind due to the presence of pentatonic scales, bell-tones, and pedal-points that are used to sustain specific notes or chords. The prelude La danse de Puck (Dance of Puck) is a light and comical examination of an imaginary world and is Scherzos in nature (Weiss 2003). Unlike west wind, this prelude is presented as a sonata which begins with three F flat keys (Muller, nd). Chromatic scale, thematic rhythms and bitonal melodies are constantly used to magnify the comical effect of the prelude. Minstrels is the final prelude of the first book and like the previous prelude, it is dotted with humor. A dominant G-major totonic pedals holds this prelude together and acts the con stant through out the prelude. Banjo and drum themes make a number of appearances through out the prelude to give it an animated feel (Weiss 2003). Conclusion Debussy’s mastery on the solo piano is evident by the uniqueness and richness of all 24 preludes that he composed. Even though his initial work was not widely recognized or appreciated by accomplished solo pianists and composers, Debussy deeply understood that music was not about physical learning rather it was a form of suggestive expression. His attitude led him to produce some of the greatest works in the early 20th century that set the trend for other pianists and composers.Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The prelude What the West wind saw can be said to be one of Debussy’s greatest accomplishments due to the fact that no other composer had ever successfully attempted to imitate the sounds of nature as he did. A captivated audience would easily get a mental picture of a strong wind clashing with sea water as it made its way to the shore. This makes What the West wind saw unique in many ways, both in composition and in content. There are however other preludes that are similar to west wind in terms of tonal composition and harmonic structure. Preludes such as The Wind in the Plain and The sounds and fragrances swirl through the evening air bear a slight semblance to the west wind but the difference is much greater. A closer examination of Debussy’s book 1 of preludes reveals the overwhelming difference the west wind has from other preludes. The west wind is inanely violent and loud and the detailed technique requires a pianist’s full attention when playing it. The layered tonal pattern found in the west wind and also in some of the other preludes is what caused Debussy to be referred to as an impressionist. All in all, Debussy’s work is indeed truly unique and light years ahead of other pianists of his generation. References Harpole, W. (1986) Debussy and the Javanese Gamelan. 3rd edition. London: Heinemann. Lockspeiser, E. (1978) Debussy: His Life and Mind. 1st edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, Muller, N. (n.d) Preludes. Piano Society Web. Available from:  pianosociety.com/ Park, R. (1967) The Later Style of Claude Debussy. 1st edition. Michigan: The University of Michigan. Roberts, P. (1996) The Piano Music of Claude Debussy. 2nd edition. Portland: Amadeus Press. Weiss, C. (2003) Debussy’s preludes book 1 and 2. Ohio: ivory classics [E-book]. Available from:  ivoryclassics.com/releases/73004/pdf/booklet.pdf

A Study of the Association between Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln

A Study of the Association between Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln Fredrick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln shared an unusual friendship based on the hardships Fredrick had in life and the influence Abraham had on the country and slavery as a whole. Both Douglass and Lincoln wanted to slavery to end. Both had strong influences and ties to slavery. Fredrick Douglass had a very hard life growing up as a slave. Witnessed beating of other slaves but was never beating as a child. As a child he realized that they was no getting out of the situation he was end. He had a lot of time to himself which made him a witness to a lot of things like deaths of fellow adult slaves. â€Å"To be accused was to be convicted and to be convicted was to be punished.† (Douglass 18) Mr. Gore (one of Col Lloyd’s overseer) used to beat slaves no matter how guilty or innocent they were. Mr. â€Å"Gore was a grave man, and, though a young man, he never told jokes, said no funny words, seldom smiled.† (Douglass 19) This made Douglass understand that people were really cruel and had no care for anybody that was a slave. After leaving Col Lloyds plantation Fredrick Douglass was sent to live with Master Hugh’s family. â€Å"Mistress, in teaching me the alphabet, had given me the inch, and no precaution could prevent me from taking the ell.† (Douglass 33) While living on the plantation Hugh’s wife taught Douglass his A B Cs. As soon as Master Hugh’s found out what his wife was doing he and forbid her from teaching him anything else. From then on he slowly start teaching himself to read. It got so bad every time the Hugh’s family felt like the Douglass was alone they felt like he was away trying to learn. Growing up around a lot of white friends made him kind of jealous and mad that he had to be a slave for the rest of his life. â€Å"You will be free as soon as you are twenty-one, but I am a slave for life† (Douglass 34) He also used a lot of his white friends as teachers where he learned more and more. â€Å"I often found myself regretting my own existence, a nd wishing myself dead; and but for the hope of being free, I have no doubt but that I should have killed myself, or done something for which I should have been killed.† (Douglass 36) The thought of being a slave forever was killing him he was very depressed. â€Å"Frederick Douglass never lost faith in the possibility of humankind’s improvement. He confronted, he argued, he pleaded, he bluffed, he threatened and conned — using whatever tactics might work in a particular situation. No aspect of human oppression escaped his concern or compassion.†(Abraham Lincoln and Frederick) Through it all Douglass stood strong and fought for his freedom. He eventually got free and wrote many different writing about his times as a slave that influenced a lot of white and blacks to realize how evil slavery really was. Abraham Lincoln was very influential to the end of slavery. â€Å"As a young man, Abraham Lincoln had witnessed the slave system when he twice traveled down the Mississippi River on a raft to New Orleans.† (Abraham Lincoln and slavery) Lincoln always hated the injustice of slavery ever since he was a child. As a young man he had a lot of African American friends even his barber was African American. Lincoln knew how involuntary servitude felt. It just was unfair for someone to work for someone and it was wrong to not give someone there fair earnings. Especially when you’re gaining from their hard work and labor. In his Alton debate with Senator Stephen A. Douglass in 1858, Mr. Lincoln said: â€Å"That is the real issue. That is the issue that will continue in this country when these poor tongues of Judge Douglass and myself shall be silent. It is the eternal struggle between these two principles – right and wrong –throughout the world. They are the two principles that have stood face to face from the beginning of time; and will ever continue to struggle. The one is the common right of humanity and the other the divine right of kings. It is the same principle in whatever shape it develops itself. It is the same spirit that says, ‘You work and toil and earn bread, and I’ll eat it.’ [Loud applause.] No matter in what shape it comes, whether from the mouth of a king who seeks to bestride the people of his own nation and live by the fruit of their labor, or from one race of men as an apology for enslaving another race, it is the same tyrannical principle.† (Abraham Lincolns Values) He knew how it felt to have to work in the field in a lesser way. While he was young he worked at a farm for his father. In the 1830 Lincoln was a young and poor lawyer but he, alongside with Lyman Trumbull and Gustave Koerner, together destroyed the legal basis of the Negro indenture system which amounted to de facto slavery in Illinois. (Burlingame) He worked hard to help against slavery even as a poor lawyer. He felt very strongly about slavery and worked on many cases including Cromwell vs Baily a case where he won a case for an African American slave girl named Nancy. It was a decision made by the Illinois Supreme Court which was a very historic decision and the first of its kind. (Abraham Lincoln and slavery) The decision was that an African American was free and not for sale. It took a lot of morals and strength for a young lawyer to fight for slave freedom. Lincoln served a single term in Congress. During that term he voted for the Wilmot Proviso multiple times. (Abraham Lincoln and slavery) Wilmot Proviso was law that would prohibit slavery in new U.S. Territory. During The Civil War the main point of war Abraham stuck with was to preserve the Union. . Throughout the whole 1862 he offered many southern states a Compensated emancipation to make things easier for the south which would slowly transition the slave states to Free states. â€Å"President Lincoln took a measured approach to emancipation and set a period of 100 days until he would issue the final Emancipation Proclamation – giving the South a grace period until January 1, 1863 in which to return to the Union.† (Abraham Lincoln and slavery) Lincolns plan during the war was to fight mainly to preserve the Union but to slowly push the publics influence on abolishment. Lincoln said it himself â€Å"When I issued that proclamation, I was in great doubt about it myself. I did not think that the people had been quite educated up to it, and I feared its effects upon Border States.†(Burlingame) The south never took advantage of their grace period and a lot of people thoug ht that Lincoln wouldn’t even issue you the final emancipation. Many slaves never knew they were free until years later after the war was over. Both Fredrick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln were very crucial people in ending slavery. They both influenced many people to fight. Fredrick Douglass writing was very intense and it made people really understand the hardships of the life he lived as a slave. By the end of the war in over 617,000 Americans died by the time the Confederate army surrendered. The landscape was destroyed.

Is the punishment of Prometheus in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound just or Essay

Is the punishment of Prometheus in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound just or unjust How does the play itself define justice - Essay Example To be just is to act in total obedience to the will of Zeus, because men are not free, but only Zeus is: â€Å"Why, all things are a burden save to rule/ Over the Gods; for none is free but Zeus† (Aeschylus). On the other hand the play also points to another conception of justice, and that is justice in reference to how men and gods honor the value of friendship, and in the way actions of gods and men favor the development of men, the intellect, and human reason, over the arbitrary whims of a god like Zeus who has no regard for any of that. In this second sense then one can say that the punishment of Prometheus, who gave men the gifts of fire, hope, and the many different arts that have helped human civilization progress against blind and furious nature, and who helped Zeus besides in Zeus’ battle against the Titan, that that punishment is unjust. The rest of the paper develops this idea (Aeschylus; Allen; Irby-Massey). II. On the Justice of the Punishment Meted on Prom etheus by Zeus In the beginning of the play we see that Prometheus was being punished, and that continuing punishment throughout the play also consisted in his public humiliation. The continued messages that Zeus sent to him while tied to a rock, through Zeus’ messengers in a way is also a form of punishment, of the gods sending messages to the chained intellect and human power. The crime, of course, consists in Aeschylus making use of his intellect and his developed abilities to give men not only hope but also the gift of fire, and with it we see later in the play that Prometheus further gifted man with the knowledge to better himself and his society, through the medical arts and the other beneficial sciences. This is a sin to Zeus and the gods, who seemed intent to keep men in an inferior and totally supplicated state in relation to them, totally dependent and obedient to whim. On the other hand, Prometheus’ gifts to men threatened to make them independent and in con trol of their fates, even in control of nature and its whims, as proxy of the gods itself. The continuing sin moreover is the defiance and the pride of Prometheus against his punishment and against Zeus himself and his agents. Instead of currying the favor of Zeus and asking for his mercy, Prometheus chooses to stand defiant and to find his comfort in the company of his friends. We see here two conceptions of justice, one in the eyes of the gods and the faithful and obedient servants of the gods, who see justice as what they see as fitting, what they want. Justice is the will of the gods, and the place of men is to obey that will, no matter how arbitrary and whimsical. The second conception of justice on the other hand takes into consideration human welfare, human progress, and values such as friendship and loyalty to friends, the trust in the wisdom of men and the capacity of men to better themselves. Justice in this second sense is also friendship with men and caring for their ind ependence and capacity for self-reliance. Hence we make sense of the fire from Prometheus as in keeping with this intent. In this second sense it is the actions of Prometheus which are just and the actions of Zeus, who went against friendship values and who punished Prometheus, even though Prometheus helped Zeus to